General Index of References
Remember that the page references are keyed to the Urdu text; the whole Urdu text has been indexed, including parts not translated. All names of languages mentioned in the text are included, and many important proper names (of places, of people other than poets), and many terms of general cultural importance that are not specifically literary. A plus sign identifies references of particular interest. Parentheses show related references in which the term itself does not occur. Spellings are Āzād's own.
Afghani language (afġhānī). #61, 260#
Aḥmad Shāh (Emperor of Delhi). #117, 147n#
Aḥmad Shāh Durrānī. #118-120, 152n#
Akbar (Emperor). #15, 21, +87, 131, 225, 252, 500#
ʿĀlamgīr [=Aurangzeb] (Emperor). #75, 86, +107, 112, +131, 509#
Alexander (sikandar). #11, 50, 114, 174, 175, 212#
ʿAlī, Hazrat. #(88), 103, 131, +138, 161, 198, 208, (268), (394), (481), 493, +507#
America (amrīkah). #21#
Andalusia (andlus). #6#
Arabia (ʿarab), Arabian, Arab. #27, 28, 48, 51, 53, 54, +83#
Arabic language (ʿarabī). #4, 13-21, 25, 26, 28, 33, 34, 37, 38, 48, 51n, 52n, 67, 83, 84, 92, 110, 146, 164, 228, 257, 262, 263, 265, +326, 406#
Aristotle (arast̤ū). #50, 51, 115, 252, 255, 322#
Aryans (airyan). #+6, 7, 10, 11#
Asia (eshiyā), Asian. #11, +78, +84, +119, +133, +141, +155#
Bābur. #87#
Bangash, Navab [Aḥmad Ḳhān]. #143#
Bengali language (bangālah). #62#
bhang (bhang). #71, 72, 95, 377, 509#
Bharat, Raja. #10#
Bhasha (bhāshā). #18, 19, 25, +27, 28, +31, 32, 33, +38, 47, +49, +50, 54, +56, +57, 60, 62, 72, 74, 83, 86, +87, 110, 150, +154# See also *Braj Bhasha.
Bhoj, Raja. #9#
boys as objects of love. #51, 52, +53, 211, 352#
Braj Bhasha (braj bhāshā). #+6, 10, 13, 16, 19, 21, 24, +32, 57, +61, 67, +75, 260# See also *Bhasha.
Brahman (barhaman). #8, 10, 18#
'Bravo!' (vāh). #23, 68, +156, 208, 235, 260, 270, 310, +367, 392, 423, 448, 451, 455, 458, 471, 492, 494n, 519#; contrasted with sigh (āh): #156, +367, 455#
calligraphy (ḳhushnavīsī), calligrapher. #+186, 274, 341, 376#
China (chīn). #6#
Chaghatai (chaġhatāʾī) dynasty. #48, 247#
dargah (dargāh). #387, 394, 396n#. A shrine.
Dari (darī) [=Afghan Persian]. #21n#
Dakani language (dakanī). #62, 74, +75, 85#
Deccan (dakan). #7, 17, 73, 74, +75, 81, 84n, 85, 86, 108n, 109, 131, 276, +388, 389, +391, 398, 399, 425, 426, 436, 461, 469, 482, 483, (524), (525)#
Delhi as a literary center. Notably: #1, 19, 24, 25, 61, +62, +63, +77, 81, +82, 84, 86-88, +96, 100, 102-104, 109, 110, 118, 130, 133, 141-143, +179, 195, 196, +207, (+209), 249, 259, +273, +295, 298, 313, 314, +326, +356, +357, +359, 389, 428n, 460, +469-471, 510#
Delhi College. #459, 463n, 487#
Devanagari (nāgarī). #24#
disciple (murīd), discipleship. #84, 88, 107, +132-135, 137, 156, 176, +178, 180, 372, 387, 431#
Ḍom, Ḍomnī (f.). #178, 188, +276, +446#
East (pūrab), Eastern (language). #61, 259#
England (iñglaiñḍ). #60#
English language (añgrezī). #+4, 15, +20, 21, 24-26, 33, +36, +37, 45, +58, +60, 83, 255n, 265, +326, 428n, 475#
English people (añgrez). #3, (15), (21n), (37), (211), 268, 388, 406, 433, 487, 492, (499)#; the English government in India and its officers: #(+24), 130, 211, 255, +277, +278, 293, (328), 331n, +335n, +338, 358, +388, 406, 425, 427n, 431, +434, 435, 482, 483, 487, 492, 499, 525#
Europe (yūrop). #6, 21, 37, +61, 63#
European (firang). #6, +24, 25, +83, 120, +122, 150, 162, 163, +434, +475#; vilāyat as any foreign land: #66#
faqir (faqīr) (ascetic). Notably: #18, 70, +87, +97n, +108, 137, 147n, 178, 185, 200, 373, +374, 379, 405, 427, 434, +441, 449, +452, 473#.
Farangi Mahal (farangī maḥal). #330#
Farhād. #39, 53, 127, 216, 286, 401, 514, 521#; as Kohkan, the 'Mountain-digger': #215, (217), 319, 321#
Farruḳh Siyār (Emperor of Delhi). #74#
Fatihah (fātiḥah). #173, 394, 424, 459#.
foreigner (vilāyatī). #75#
Fort William. #24#.
French language (frinch), Frenchman (fransīsī). #37, 293#
Greece (yūnān). #6, 11, 21, 26, 50, 51, 53, 60, 178#
Greek language (yūnānī). #11#
Greek philosophers (falāṣafah-e yūnān). #64, 178, 285#
Gujarati language (gujarātī). #21, 62#
hadith (hadīṡ). #134, 137, 164, (280), 339, 340, 397, 522#
Haj (ḥaj). #367, 385, 467, 495n, 496n#.
Ḥakīm Aḥsanullāh Ḳhān. #464, 500#
Hanafi school of religious law (ḥanafī mażhab). #134, 194#
Hazrat (ḥaẓrat). 'The Presence', a title given to honored personages.
Hebrew language (ʿibrānī). #21#
Hindi (hindī). #13, 14, 17, 22, 28, 31, 48, 50, 51n, +56, 57, 67, 83, +110, 119, 127, 150, 152, +154, 188, 267#
Hindu (hindū). #+7, 13, 16-19, 25, +27, 28, 36, 74, 132, (394), 397, 407, 488n#
history (tārīḳh) #6, 7, 16, 27, 48, +243, 380, 421, +437, 474, +500, 528#
historical (tārīḳhī). #49, 58, 61, 498#
historian (muʾarriḳh). #+86, +133n#
Holi (holī). #57, 221, 272, (280), (365)#.
Houri (ḥūr). #59, 79, 292, 293, 305, 308, 342, 416#.
Humā. #+50, 51, 296, 362, 462, 466n, 519#.
Humāyūn (Emperor). #17#
Ḥusain. #414n#
huqqah (ḥuqqah). #71, 96, (118), 174, 209, +210, +283, 284, 308, +336, 347, +356, 399, 432, 448, 471, 487, 492#.
Hyderabad. #143#
ʿĪd. #103, 388, 421, 441, 448#
imambara (imām bāṛah). #74, 467#
India (hindūstān, hind), Indian. #1, +6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 27, 28, 51, 52n, 56, 60, +61, 72, +73, 75, +78, 82, +83, 86, 100, 108, 110, 113, 132, +151, +152, 153, 163, 195, 221, 227, 228, 248, 267, 270, 298, 301, 370, 374, 420, 427n, 449, 452, 461, 475, 481, 485, 505, 526#
Iran (īrān), Iranian. #6-8, 11-13, 50, 57, 75, 89, 138, +153, 163, 186, 260, 267, 398, (487)#; see also *Persia.
Islam (islām). #8, 10, 12-14, 19, 24, 76, 101#
Italian language (īt̤ālī). #21, 37#
Jai Singh Savāʾī, Raja. #19#
Jahāngīr (Emperor). #252, 377#
Jāmaʿ Masjid. #+209, 285, 491, 492#
jester (bhāñḍ). #232, 233, 270#
ji (jī). #18#
Jinn (jin). #233, 293, 320, 337#
Kabah (kaʿbah). #(168), 205, 215, 290, 352, 385, 467, 477, 502#
Kayasths (kāyath). #15#
khanqah (ḳhānqāh). #132, 138, 391#
Ḳhiẓr. #53, 114, 215, 289, 385, 505#
Ḳhvājah. #88#
Krishan. #18#
Kuñvarjīt Singh. #495n#
Lailā. #38, 53, 90, 212, 214, 219, 224, 286, 290, 293, 304, (418), 476, 502, 521#
language (zabān). Very notably: #+1-4, 6-17, 19, 20, 22-28, 37-39, 49, 57, 60-63, +77, 83, +85, +86, +124, +145, 196, 259, 260, 268, +326, 475, 476#; women's language (ʿauratoñ kī zabān): #37#
Latin language (lāt̤īnī). #37#
love (ʿishq, muḥabbat), lover (ʿāshiq, rarely chāhne vālā). Notably: #(39), +51-53, 55, +73, 77, +79, 106, +123, 132, 133, 135, +141, +155, +186, 187, +202, +228-230, +270, 408, +432, +526, 528#; on muḥabbat versus ʿishq, see #432#; see also *romantic (poetry); references within verses are not included here.
Lucknow as a literary center. Notably: #+62, +63, +77, +78, 103, 104, 143, 144, 160, 179, 189, 195, 196, 208, 209, 213, 221, 254, 259, 272n, 273, 276, 277, 282, 300, 310, +326, 338, 339, +350, +356, +357, +368, 369, 374, +389, 390, 452, +516, +523-525#
Magadhi language (māgadī). #8-10#
magic (jādū, siḥr), #(52), 242, 270, 278, 301, *326, 420, 451, 454, 524#; also t̤ilism, #+4, 67, +123, 257-259, 454, 520#
Maharaj(a) (mahārāj). #6, 15, 16, 119, 120, 409#
Maharashtri language (mahārāshṭrī). #8#
Maḥmūd [of Ghazna]. #19#
majlis (majlis). #187, 276, +368, +369, +516-518, 520, 523, 524#
Majnūn. #38, 39, 53, 90, 152, 212, 215, 217, 219, 224, 286, 292, 304, 321, 322, 418, 424, 428n, 476, 502, 521#; also Qais: #127#
Marwari language (mārvāṛī). #62, 255#
Maulvī (maulvī). #24#
'milk and sugar' (shīr o shakar). #14, 15, 26, +31, 43, 203, 256#
Mirzā (mirzā). #16#
Muḥabbat Ḳhān, Navāb. #226, 234#
muhallah (muḥallah). #172n, 178, 184, 241#
Muḥammad Shāh (Emperor). #22, 24, +27, 75, 86, +87, 98, 102, 108, 109, (120), 154, 225, 232n, 373#
Muḥarram. Notably: #+137, +149, +178, 454, 508#
Muslim (musalmān). #8, 13, 15, 17, 19, 25, 27, 36, 132, 241, 322, 397#
Nādir Shāh. #100, 110, 225, +226, +335n#
newspaper (aḳhbār). #24, 63, 172, 442#
Niẓāmuddīn Auliyā (Sult̤ān-jī Sahib). #70#
notebook (bayāẓ). #160#
Nuṣairī. #493#
obscenity (fuḥsh). #254, 260, 266, +271, (+272), +302, +303, 310#
Oriya language (ūṛiyā). #7#
Pahari language (pahāṛī). #62#
Pali language (pālī). #8#
pandit (pañḍit). #9, 10, 18, 19, 244, 278, 279#
Pari (parī). #51, 59, 79, 190, 266, 293, 305#
Paris (pairis). #87# (The city in France.)
Parizad (parīzād). A *Pari. #51, 104, 190, 244, 502#
'parrots and mynahs' (t̤ot̤ah mainā). #77, 106, 159#; used for exaggeration, imaginative creation, wild invention
Parsi (Pārsī). #12#
Persia (fārs). #27, 28, 49, +50, 51-54, +79, 113, 270, 377#; see also *Iran.
Persian language (fārsī). Notably: #1, 4, 10-21, 23, 25, 26, +27, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37-39, 45, 46, +48-50, 51, 57, 58, 60, 67, 72, 74-76, +79, +83-85, +87, 110, 115, 116, 124, 127, 136, 142, +145, 146, 149, 150, 154, +157, 187, 199, 203, 204, +207, 257, +261, +326, 342, 345, +348, +377, 452, 481, 485, 498, 505#
philosophers (falāsaah) #82#. See also *Greek philosophers.
pir (pīr) (spiritual guide). #60, 87, 102, 113, 118, 176, 218, 372, (387), 409, 410#; pīr o murshid ('My Lord and Guide'), #142, 253, 254, 293#; see also *spiritual guide (murshid)
Plato (Falāt̤ūn). #252, 322, 323#
Portuguese language (purtagālī). #21, 37#
Pothvari language (poṭhvārī). #61#
Prakrit language (prākrit). #8-10#
printing press (chhāpah). #245, +296#; printed: #17, +72, 87, 357, +375, 500#
Punjab (panjāb). #7, 74, 108n, 259, 307, 508#
Punjabi language (panjābī). #16, 17, 21, 62#
Purabi language (pūrabī). #259, 275, (279)#
purdah (pardah). #227#
Pushto language (pashto). #257, 265n#
qawwal (qavvāl). #87# singer of qavvālī
Qiblah (qiblah). #+205, 217, 218, 347, 448# direction of prayer
Qut̤b. #462#
raja (rājah) Notably: #6, 9, 16#
Rampur (Rāmpūr). #76, 358, 391, 410, 484, 491, 492#
Ramazan (ramaẓān). #421, 453, 467, 491, 492n, +509#
[Rebellion of] 1857 (1857 kā ġhadr, etc.). #(245), 358, 450, 463n, 487, 492n, +500, 506, 508, (524)#
[Red] Fort (qilʿah). #108, 441, 462, 484#
Rekhtah (reḳhtah). #+20, 22, 75, 88, 91, 103-104, 110, 111n, 136, 145, 146n, 155, +165, +188, 198, +203, 208n, +221, 245, 307, 345, 348, 355n, 375, 504#; see also *Urdu, *Urdū-e Muʿallā
romantic (ʿāshiqānah) (poetry, etc.). #23, +72, 77, +80, +84, 111, (123), +135, 136, 145, (155), (+186), 203, +221, (228), 242, 257, 265, 270, 375, 413, 456, +526, 528#; see also *love.
Sahib (ṣāḥib). A title of honor and respect. #3#
Sāmirī. #123, +325# magician in Moses & golden calf story
Sanskrit language (sañskrit). #+6-13, 20, 24, 25, 28, +32, 47-49, +56, 60, +75#
Sasanian dynasty (sāsānī). #12#
Sayyid (sayyid). Notably: #97, +194, 117n, +172, +173, 185, 186n, 195, 207, (211), 247, +276, 281n, 338, +364, 396n#
school: maktab, #30, 424, 464n#; madrasah, #72, 132, 406, 499#
Seljuk dynasty (saljūqī). #481#
Shauraseni language (saurasenī). #8#
Shāh Jahān (Emperor). #1, 19, 256n, 356#
Shakyamuni (Shāk Munī). #9# See *Buddha.
Shankaracharya (Shankarāchāraj). #10#
Shariat (sharīʿat). #109, 134, 135#; sharaʿ: #509#
Sher Shāh (Emperor). #17#
sherbet (sharbat). A chilled fruit juice drink.
Shia (shīʿah). #+138n, 194, 348, 383, 493, 520#
Shihābuddīn Ġhorī. #14#
Shīrīn. #38, 39, 53, 253, 267, 303, 321, 514#
Shri (srī). #18, 24# A title of respect.
Shuhdah (shuhdah). #271n, 310#
Shujāʿ ud-Daulah, Navab. #24, +118, +143, 144, 232, 250n, 281n, 339#
Sikandar Lodī (Sultan of Delhi). #15, 16#
Sirāj ud-Daulah, Navab. #232n, 247n#
Solomon (Sulaimān). #89, 167, 293, 306, 308, 315, 322, 465n#
spiritual guide (murshid). #133, 430#; see also *pir
Sufi (ṣūfī). #+87, 132, (134), 293, 372#
Sufism [taṣavvūf]. Notably: #+87, 88, +132, +155, +176-178, 263, +345, +445, +452, 456#
Sunni (sunnī, sunnat o jamāʿat). #+138, 348, 383, 394, 493, +509#; Sunna (sunnat): #280#
takiyah (takiyah). #108, 111, +374#; pillow: 58; a monastic camp or dwelling place.
Tamil language (tāmil). #7, 21#
t̤arīqah (order). #134#
telescope (dūrbīn). #155#
Telugu language (tilañgū). #7, 21#
Timur (tīmūr), Timurid. #19, 87, 131, +248#
Tuġhluq. #83n#
Turan (tūrān), Turani. #57, 138, 267, 481#
Turk (turk). #46#
Turkish language (turkī). #13, 19-21, 26, 260, 265, 377#
Turkestan (turkistān), Turkestani. #27, 46, 49, 51, 53#
Urdu (urdū). Notably: #+1, 4, 6, 8, 16, +19, 22, +23-25, +27, 31, +32, 33, 37, 39, 46, +49, 50, +60-62, 66, 67, +74-80, +83, 85-87, +115, 116, 123, +124, 145, 146, 149, +150, 175, 176, 187, 188, 198, 199, 201-+203, +209, 257, +265, 345, 414, +420, 459, 475, 481, 499#; see also *Urdū-e muʿallā, *Rekhtah.
Urdū Aḳhbār. #442#; see also *newspaper.
Urdū-e Muʿallā [the Exalted Court]. #86, +207, 481, 525#; see also *Urdū, *Rekhtah.
Vājid ʿAlī Shāh Bādshāh. #357, 483#
Vikramajit, Raja (Rājah Bikramājīt). #10#
wine (sharāb). #51, 71, 76, 77, +158, 199, +508#; in verses, notably: #95, 154, +158, 165, 205, +220, 228, 258, 284, 304, 347, 399, 439, 447, 448, 467, 484, 502#
women, stories involving. #68-72, 96-97, 103-105, +178, +227-228, 247, 276, 281n, 395, 397, 486, +489#
Zarathustra (Zardusht). #7, 11#
Zoroastrianism (zhand pazhand). #485#