D Badri Raina Delhi, 1988, especially the chapter titled 'Strategy', pp. 16-54; and Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought and the Colonial "World, OUP, Delhi, 1986, pp. 85-131. 14. The discourse related to "under-developmenf is examined by Arturo Escobar in "Discourse in Development: Michel Foucault and the Relevance of his work to the Third World", Alternatives, Vol. X, No. 3, Winter 1984-85, pp. 377-400. See also A.R. Desai, India's Path of Development: A Marxist Approach, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1984 for a critique of the complicity of orthodox Indian Marxist analyses of development with the "nationalist' paradigm. 15. A.R. Desai questions the "modernization syndrome' in his valuable study State and Society in India: Essays in Dissent, Popular Prakashan, Bombay, 1974. 16. See Edward J. Thompson, Enlist India for Freedom, Victor Gollancz Ltd., London, 1940, p. 50. \yj Thompson writes; 'From Warren Hastings' time onwards, men made no bones of the pleasure the Hindu-Muslim conflict gave to them; even such men as Elphinstone and Malcolm and Metcaife admitted its value to the British.' 17. For all subsequent details of the Narmada event I depend on an invaluable piece of field research by the group called the 'Campaign Against Indira Sagar' collected in their booklet In Sorrow and Anger: The Victims Speak brought out from E 1 /208 Arera Colony, Bhopal, 1988; the booklet is unfortunately not paginated. See also Sanctuary, Vol. VII, No. 4., 1987, pp. 326-33 for an illustrated write-up on the project. 18. As Lok Sabha and Vigyan Sabha elections were due in many states in June 1988, the same Prime Minister was to declare in a public speech in May that 'the bond betwen the forest and the tribals will have to be retained': The Times of India, 22 May 1988, p. 1. 19. In a needlessly overdrawn and obfuscating article Benita Parry looks at the positions of Franz Fanon, Edward Said, Homi Bhaba and Gayatri Chakravarti with respect to anti-colonial discourse either as non-formulated and passive, or as conscious and resistant; see 'Problems m Current Theories of Colonial Discourse', Oxford Literary Review, 1987. 20. Many erstwhile Naxalite groups seem to have successfully switched tactics from armed struggles and the elimination of class enemies to the organizing of the landless and agricultural workers as well as other oppressed groups in eastern Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Some groups contemplate engaging in electoral politics. 21. Edward Said, invoking Gramsd, speaks of the 'oppositional consciousness' provided by localized 'counter-knowledge' as positive practice in third world countries, and voices his suspicion of any "grand synthesis' in his essay 'Orientalism Redonsidered/ Literature Politics, and Theory: Papers From the Essex Conference 1976-84, Methuen, London & New York, 1986, p. 229. Numbers 17-18