D Satish Poduval French and Michael Richards, eds., Contemporary Television: Eastern Perspectives, New Delhi: SAGE <199^), pp. 61-90. 5. Qtd. in Forum for Independent Film and Video, "Beyond Commercial Logic," Seminar 455 (July 1997), p.46. 6. Qtd. in Praveen Swami, "A TV Debate," Frontline February 21, 1997, p. 114. 7. Madhava Prasad, "The Privatisation of Alienation: Television and Global Culture," unpublished paper, \'\rJ 8. ibid. 9. ibid. 10. Public service broadcasting is not a precise, scientific term. Its working definitions have comprised the following elements: a commitment to balanced scheduling across different programme genres; the mandate of educating and informing as well as entertaining; a high degree of financial independence from both governmental and commercial sources; providing service to all regions uniformly; the political output is obliged to be "balanced" and "impartial." The crisis in public service broadcasting is a suspension of all these elements. See Raymond Kuhn, ed.. The Politics of Broadcasting, London and Sydney: Croom Helm (1985). 12. Qtd. in Kevin Robins and Frank Webster, "Broadcasting Politics: Communications and Consumption," In Manuel Alvarado and John 0. Thompson, eds.. The Media Reader, London: British Film Institute (1993), p.138. 12. Vikram Sarabhai, Science Policy and National Development, ed. Kamla Chowdhry, New Delhi: Macmillan (1974). 13. John Reith was the British Broadcasting Corporation's first director. Under him, the programmes of the BBC were designed not just to reflect tasks but to raise them. "We believe," he wrote, "that a new national asset has been created... the asset referred to is of a moral and not a material order - that which, down the year, brings the compound interest of happier homes, broader culture and truer citizenships." Into the Wind, London: Hodder and Stoughton (1949), p.116. 14. See for instance, Hugh Cunningham, Leisure and the Industrial Revolution, London: Croom Helm (1980). The phrase "commercial colonization of leisure" is borrowed from the essay by Robins and Webster cited above. 15. According to Deleuze and Guattari, a striated space is that within which movements and flows are controlled in ways which enable authorities to act - it is a measured and directed 5pace as opposed to nonmetric or rhizomic space. See A Thousand Plateaus : Capitalism and Schizophrenia, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, pp.474-500. 16. The phrase is Michel Foucault's. According to him, the population "is the subject of needs, of aspirations, l^ut it is also the object in the hands of the government, aware, vis-a-vis the government, of what it warrts, but ignorant of what is being done to it." (The Foucault Effect, op. cit., p.100). 17. See for instance, Binod C. Agrawal, SITE Social Evaluation, Ahmedabad: Space Applications Centre (1981), and Binod Agrawal and Arvind Sinha, SJT£ to INSAT, New Delhi: Concept (1986). 18. Kiran Karnik, quoted in David Howbridge and John Robinson, Organizing Educational Broadcasting, London: The UNESCO Press (1982), p.209. 19. For this debate, see P.C. Chatterji, Broadcasting in India, New Delhi : SAGE (1987), p.54; for ISRCYs viewpoint on television for rural communication, see Yash Pal, "The Crucial Decision", Seminar 232 (December 1978), pp.12-15. 20. "Available reports reveal that only one child out of three, in the age group-of 6-11 years, isTn school, thereby pointing out that two-third of these children would not be able to view television even if every school in the country was provided with a TV set," write Binod C. Agrawal and Mira B. Aghi, Television and the Indian Child, New Delhi : UNICEF (1987), p.6. 21. See Ashish Rajadhyaksha, "Beaming Messages to the Nation," Journal of Arts and Ideas 19 (1990), pp.33-52. 22. ibid. Numbers 32-33