affected intensely: 'How the sacrilege has been avenged with a ten-fold vengeance by the overthrow of the Mogul empire! In the last days of his life Aurangzeb must have been haunted, a Hindoo poet would have imagined, with visitations of the god Vishnu, and filled with forebodings of the rising storm of the Mahratta power, the "sea of troubles" in which the vessel of state was to be tossed, its inevitable wreck and annihilation, and the ultimate end of his posterity in exile on a foreign shore.' Travels of a Hindoo, London, 1869, vol. I, p. 261.
15. Bharatendu Granthavali, vol. II, p. 723.
16. Ibid.. 764.
17. Ibid., vol. Ill, pp. 120, 184, 193, 315-16.
18. Pratapnarain-Grantavali, pp. 30, 58, 60, 94-5.
19. Ibid., pp. 2-7.
20. Ibid., p. 57.
21. Ibid., p, 58. the other term used by him for Indians is 'Bharatiya bhratrigana'.
22. This play was translated from a Bengali play entitled Bharater Yavana. By way of preface, Goswami assured the Muslims that it v/as not aimed against them. It only brought out, he said, their bravery and the cowardice of the Hindus. Hindi Pradip, 18 March 1879.
23. Hindi Pradip. 1 May 1879.
24. Bharatendu Granthavali, vol. Ill, p. 902. How deep rooted and continuing these assumptions are would be clear from the fact that a venerable living scholar, Srinarain Chaturvedi, argues that since Harischchandra's time this is the sense in which the word 'Hindu* has been used in Hindi literature. In the same breath Chaturvedi Would also say that from the point of view of the Hindus, subjection to the British was much better than subjection to the Muslims. Adhunik Hindi ka . Adikal, Ilahabad, 1973/, pp. 90-91.
25. Pratapnarain-Granthavali, pp. 388-89.
26. Bharatendu Granthavali, vol. II, pp. 816-17, vol. Ill, pp. 801-802.
27. D.G. Karve and D.V. Ambekar, eds. Speeches and Writings ofGopal Krishna Gokhale, vol. II, Political, Bombay, 1966, pp. 35-6.
28. Satyavrata Sinha, ed., Bharat Durdasha, Ilahabad, 1979, p. 50.
29. Narmadashankar Lalshankar, Junu Narmagadya, Mumbai, 1912, vol. I, pp. 45-53.
30. In this respect contemporary Hindi writers were consciously influenced by writers like Bankim.
31. Pratap Narain Misra, Bharat durdasha Natak, p. 104.1 got a copy of this book at the Sahitya Sam-melan Library, Allahabad. The title page of this particular copy is missing.
32. Balkrishna 9hatt, Nutan Brahmachari Upanyasa, Prayag, Samvat 1968, p. 6.
33. Bharatendu, 19 Oct. 1883.
34. Ibid., 23 Oct. 1885.
35. Bharatendu, 18 Feb. 1886.
36. Pratapnarain-Granthavali, pp. 272, 311, 371
37. Bharatendu Granthavali, vol. I, 124; vol. II, pp. 805-807.
38. Pratapnarain-Granthavali, ^p. 97,149,162,300,309,313; Narayan Prasad Aroraand Satyabhakta, eds., Pratap Lahan, Kanpur, 1949, p. 260.
39. The Collected Works ofMahatma Gandhi, vol, X, pp. 29-30.
40. Pratapnarain-Granthavali or Rise of the Moon of Intellect, translated by J. Taylor, M.D., Bombay, 1^6, pp. 35 ft.
41. K is a commentary on the role of popular memory that during a visit to Jaipur I asked a number of educated Jains and Hindus about the destruction of Jain temples and discovered that all the Jains I talked to knew about it and not one of the Hindus did. It is a different matter that, in spite of a continuing tradition of Hindu-Jain conflict in parts ofRajasthan, these Jains did not seem to recall this destruction with any degree of bitterness. For a contemporary account of the conflict, from the Jain point of view, see Bakhataram Sah, Bhudhi-Vilas, Jodhpur, 1964, pp. 151-55. This work was completed in 1770 A.D.
42. Shyamsundar Das, ed., Radhakrishna-Granthavali, vol. I, Prayag, not dated, pp. 144-45
43. Bharatendu Granthavali, vol. I, pp. 675-86.
44. See Saroy Agrawal, Prabodhehandrodaya aur Usaki Hindi Parampara, Prayag, 1883 Shaka, pp. 198
18 January-March 1984