3. Althusser's is the most extreme statement here : 'historical materialism cannot conceive that even a communist society could ever do without ideology'; See For Marx, translated by Ben Brewster, Alien Lane, Penguin Press, London, 1969, p. 232. 4. A fine study of the connections/disjunctions between Formalism and Marxism, especially of what the latter can yet usefully appropriate from the former is Tony Bennett's Formalism and Marxism, Methuen & Co. Ltd., London 1979, passim. 5. See Course on General Linguistics translated by Wade Baskin, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959, p. 9. 6. See Roland Barthes' "From Work to Text in his Image-Music-Text, translated by Stephen Heath, Collin, Glasgow, 1977, p. 162; see Kumkum Sangari The Changing Text', Journal of Arts & Ideas, No. 8, Jul-Sep 1984. 7. See T. Hawkes, Structuralism and Semiotics, Methuen, London, 1977, pp. 76-87 for a full enunica-tion ofJakobson's position. 8. V. Volosinov, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language, Seminar Press, New York, 1973, p. 96. 9. M. Bakhtin, Problems ofDostoevsky's Poetics, translated byW. Rostel, Ann Arbor, Ardis, 1973, pp. 23-24. < 10. See "Bakhtin, Sociolonguistics and Deconstruction" in The Theory of Reading, ed. F. Gloversmith, Harvester Press, Sussex, 1984, p. 138. 11. Ibid., p. 130. 12. The Theory of the Novel, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1971, p. 33. 13. Ibid., pp. 40-41. See Prabhakara Jha, "Lukacs or Bakhtin?" Economic and Political Weekly XVIII, No. 31 (July, 1983) PE pp. 35-44 for a full analogic account of the question. 14. Quoted in Jha, p. 38. 15. lan Watt's still quite valuable Rise of the Novel comes to mind here. 16. Quoted in Todorov, p. 14. 17. Todorov is bothered a good deal by this new problematic and is unable to square the contradiction mainly because he does not see the full mediating scope of the chronotope-see pp. 85-91. 18. David Hayman does not seem sufficiently attentive to this crucial differentiation that Bakhtin makes between the placement of folk humour-the extent of its subversive thrust-before and after the Re'naissance, when he charges Bakhtin with not admitting that such carnival as continued to be allowed only strengthened, in the end, normal and 'future sanity'; see 'Towards a Mechanics of Mode: Beyond Bakhtin', Novel XVI, No. 2 (Winter, 1983), p. 7. Hayman argues further that Bakhtin Tails to recognize, the conservative nature of folk festivals', just as he 'overlooks the genuinely revolutionary nature of nineteenth-century Romanticism', p. 6. 19. Rabelais and His World, translated by Helene Iswosky, MIT Press, Cambridge, 1968, p. 6. 20. Ibid., p. 226. 21. It is good to remember here the contributions of Raymond Williams in the field of some crucial defining of how such terms as 'culture' and 'literature' and 'art' came to acquire their present meanings. Especially with regard to 'literature' see his Marxism and Literature Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1977, p. 145; but, Williams' whole Corpus (Culture and Society, Keywords more especially) is a fascinating study of the historically/ideologically produced nature of sanctioned categories within imaginative writing/production. 22. See his 'Freedom of Interpretation: Bakhtin and the Challenge of Feminist Criticism', Critical Enquiry, 9, No. 2, September 1982, pp. 45-76. 78 Number 9