24 AVERAGE, HOUSEI 30LD SIZE (^ SOCIAL SC TABL >/ AND Moisn DENTIST E IFHLY PER CAPITA EXPENDITURE ^PCE): RURAL INDL ^ (1964-65) PCE (Rs) S PC£ (Rs 0 S PCE(Rs) S 0- 8 5.86 15-18 5.69 28-34 4.93 8-11 5.95 18-21 5.45 34-43 4.52 11-13 5.85 21-24 5.25 43-55 4.28 13-15 5.89 24-28 5.24 55-75 3.59 over 7 5 3.48 SOURCE : Tables with Motes on Household Consumer Expenditure and Enterprise for Rural and Urban Areas of India, Report No 189, NSS, 19th round (1964-65), Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India. It follows, especially since the data for all other rounds exhibit a similar relationship, lhat if we accept per capita expenditure as an adequate indicator of level of living, then the poor do have larger families than have the rich. However, the data relating to differential rates of fertility and mortality as between the poor and ihc rich, so-defined, tell a different story (Table II). TABLE II DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY AND MORTALITY RATES IN RURAL INDIA (1964-65) Monthly per capita Birth General Marital Death Infant expenditure rate fertility fertility rate mortality (Rs) rate rate rate 0-11 44.28 236 287 10.03 32.94 11-15 41,25 215 246 10.58 71.71 15-21 38.01 188 219 13.38 122.29 21-28 36.01 174 200 16.06 152.37 28-43 33.16 153 176 17.88 153.13 43 and above 32.30 148 171 21,81 293.27 All groups 37.91 182 2)1 14.75 127.99 KOIE: All rigum iefei to arnual iate?. ^ Le birth and death rates are per 1000 persons; the general fertility rate is per 1000 females in the age group of 15-44 years while the marital fertility rate is per 1000 married females in the same age group and the infant mortality rate is per 1000 live births. SOURCE: Tables with Notes on Differential Fertility and Mortality Rates in Rural and Urban Areas of India, Report No, 186, NSS, 19th round (1964-65), Cabinet Secretariat, Government of India. These data on demographic differentials need to be carefully ?ciutinized for understanding their significance. Fertility difference exhibited by these data seems to support the general belief we have been discussing. However, the rates of mortality are puzzling, to say the least: death rates increase as per capita expenditure rises; of special significance is the very sharp rate of increase in the infant mortality rate (IMR) associated with increases in per capita expenditure. ^