CONTINUITY OF THE SYSTEM 15 The Janata, by and large, reintroduced the ideological primacy of the informal, small-scale, traditional sector. It discontinued the more radical appeal for structural reforms and the primacy of industrial modernization which had been the mainstay of the previous administration. On the basis of the changes in ideological articulation, the new government was generally seen in terms of different class interest, a break with the bourgeois-landlord state structure. Such a superficial conclusion, however, seems rather naive. A close look at the previous government of Indira Gandhi would show that the then ruling Congress party, by 1975, had already broken with its ideological radicalism. Sanjay Gandhi's five-point programme as well as Indira Gandhi's ideological and political attack on the organized working class, which came into the open at the time of the 1974 railway strike, and her toning down of the anti-monopolist and anti-imperialist propaganda, heralded the beginning of a new era. If one is to analyse the situation in India during the two and half years of the first ever non-Congress Ministry, first led by Morarji Desai and later by Gharan Singh, in order to describe the interaction between the sodial basis and the class basis, one should look back into the historical aspects, into the process of its moulding in the past and into the gradual unfolding of its open and hidden premises during the governmental period. Common Roots In the Indian struggle for independence one finds the roots of the ideals which are common to both the Congress and the Janata-Lok Dal parties. What are these ideals which the Indian national movement has been fighting for since its inception? The first ideal was the introduction of political democracy which would constitutionally guarantee civil rights and freedoms and in which the caste system would be eradicated. A second ideal was the increase in agricultural productivity and agricultural production, primal ily as a result of structural changes. It has remained an ideal with the Indian nationalist movement for the last half a century, after its introduction by Jawaharlal Nehru and the first socialists and communists in the mid-twenties. The third generally accepted point was the ideal of a quickened process of industrialization with an important role assigned to the state and the capital intensive heavy industry. The more the Indian industrial boureoisie grew in numbers and in strength and the more the prospect of national independence came