16 SOCIAL SCIENTIST closer, the more of Gandhi's concept of spinning wheel industrialization lost its aureol of realism and the more large-scale industrialization became accepted, resulting in the Tata-BirIa Bombay Plan of 1946 and the Mahalanobis planning model. The fourth ideal put forward was the national integration of all the Indian people in a federal system. The progressive economic and political unification of the Indian subcontinent did create a general loyalty to the Indian state, albeit on a shaky basis and constantly in danger of being torn asunder by fissiparous tendencies unless sufficient respect was paid to the multinational character of this growing unity. The fifth and final ideal was at the international level— adherence to a non-aligned policy and to a policy of economic and political independence from imperialism. These five ideals, if implemented, would, according to the leaders of the nationalist movement, result in the eradication of poverty and backwardness in India. It would, in fact, mean the completion of an anti-feudal democratic revolution. However, the first thing which is so strikingly clear in India today is that poverty has not been eradicated; on the contrary, the material as well as the "non-material quality of life of the near totality of the hundreds of millions of Indians has been going down in the recent decades, sinking into an abyss of hunger? squalor, injustice and oppression. Since the expected overall result of the above mentioned five ideals has not been forthcoming, we can appropriately ask the question as to what happened to them in the course of implementation and wether the Congress government and the Janata-Lok Dal governments had really basically different approaches to the development of the country, whether hidden behind ostentatiously differing political verbosity there was a more fundamental convergence in class terms. MIXTURE OF PARTIES The socio-economic background of the Janata leaders was obviously similar 10 that of the Congress, They included the most outspoken representatives of the vested interests in India, with . direct or indirect links with the monopoly bourgeoisie, big landlords, rich peasants and big traders, as well as a sprinkling of politicians who venture to speak on behalf of mass organizations of poor peasants, industrial workers, backward castes and so on. It should also be recalled that the Janata was a mixture of