48 SOCIAL SCIENTTST by eliminating the products using capital-intensive technologies? How are we to choose the basket of products? We consider that the answer to the questions concerning the framework for the choice among existing technologies and the development of new technologies in the developing countries cannot be reduced merely to economizing on capital. Many of these questions can be answered only if we are discussing a particular sector and a particular country. Attention will have to be given to aspects like the use of local natural resources (both exhaustible and renewable), impact on exports, substitution of critical imports, employment potential, scale, type of products, output, standardization, problems of maintenance andrepairs,elimina-tion of hazardous and arduous task in the production of all goods, including traditional products and the political consequences, which are extremely important. Here again, the first order and second order impacts and the short-term and long-term consequences have to be taken into account. Employment is, indeed, an acute problem in the developing countries but labour-intensive and intermediate technologies cannot provide long-term solutions to t he problems of developing countries. Of course, not all the contemporary achievements in science and technology are, at the moment, of equal importance to the developing countries. It would be unwise to int/oduce all the latest technologies and employ costly methods of raising efficiency at the early stage (like mechanization in agriculture and the choice of higher scale in the manufacture of fertilizers and in power generation). However, on the whole, it would be untenable and unrealistic to think that progress in technology could be made to veer from its normal course of raising productivity and directed to building up the labour-intensive and intermediate techologies. Bagchi has also classified inventions and innovations to distinguish exhausting from non-exhausting and exploitative from non-exploitative inventions. Inventions promoting recovery, transformation, transportation and utilization of exhaustible natural resources like fossil fuels and exhaustible raw materials are called "exhausting". Exhausting inventions are considered fundamentally wasteful and exploitative. Increased use of natural gas, coal and oil is termed exhausting and exploitative. Although these distinctions are not clearly integrated into the concept of socialist inventions, the implicit connection is quite obvious. As socialist inventions are unlikely to be adopted in the capitalist environment and they can be adopted only in more egalitarian and less wasteful societies (socialist societies), non-exhausting