48 SOCIAL SCIENTIST colonial days could not be altered by our planners in free India and what ultimately plagues our space-economy today is a sharp regional imbalance, manifested in much greater capital accumulation and concentration of growth impulses in certain selected pockets at the cost of stagnation and backwardness throughout the rest of the country. 1 TG McGee The Urbanization Process in the Third World, G Bell and Sons. 1967, p 20. 2 Gideon Sjoberg, "Rural-Urban Balance and Models of Economic Development", in Neil J Smelser—and Seymour M Lipset (eds). Social Structure and Mobility in Economic Development, London, 1966, p 327, referred to in McGee, Ibid, p 20. 3 J L Blian Berry, "Some Relations of Urbanization and Basic Patterns of Economic Development", in Forrest R Pitts (ed.). Urban Systems and Economic Development, Oregon, 1962, p 15. 4 J L Brian Berry, The Human Consequences of Urbanization: Divergent Paths in the Urban Experience of the Twentieth Century, The Macmillian Ltd, 1973, p 110. 5 Ibid, p 100. 6 Catherine Bauer, "The Optimum Pattern of Urbanization: Docs Asia Need a New Type of Regional Planning?" Working Paper for the U N Seminar on Regional Planning, Tokyo, 1956, pp 1-2, as cited in Ashish Bose, Studies in India's Urbanization 1901-1971, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co Ltd, Bombay-New Delhi, p 197. 7 J Brian Robson, Urban Giowth: An Approach, pp 8-9. The author points out the physical compactness and absence of functional specialisation sn pre-industrial cities, while he attributes the breaking down of the compactness and the development of economic specialisation to the advent of more efficient inter-urban transport and the growth of large-scale factories. Also see, Janet Abu-Lughod, "The City Is Dead—Long Live The City: Some Thoughts on Urbanity", in Fava, Fleis, Sylvia (ed), Urbanism in World Perspective: A Reader, Thomas Y Crowell Company, 1968, p 155. 8 Karl Marx and Frederic Engels, Collected Works, Vol 5, Progress Publishers, Moscow. 1976, p 65. 9 Ibid, p 66. 10 Marx and Engels, Collected Works. Vol 4, p 313. 11 For a detailed account of the pre-industrial cities, see Gideon Sjoberg, "The Pre-industrial City", in Fava, Fleis, Sylvia (ed), op cit, pp 115-125. 12 Janet Abu-Lughod (see note 7). 13 K Popov, Japan, Nauka Publishing House, Moscow. 1969, p 250, as referred to in S K Munshi, Calcutta Metropolitan Explosion: Its Nature and Roots, People's Publishing House, New Delhi, 1975, p 67. 14 S K Munshi, op cit, p 66. 15 E F Silva anxl M V SotO, "Geographical conditions of underdevelopment: A Latin American View Point", in S P Ctmtterjee (ed). Developing Countries of the World, 21st International Geographical Congress, Calcutta, 1968. p 78. Also see. John Friedman, "Regional Planning as a Field of Study ^.Jvurnalof the American Institute of Planners, Vol 29, p 3, as cited in ibid, p 78. The author hypothesises that conceptually such a network of urban centres is to be surrounded by a •density field' of functional interaction that leads to a uniform development over a certain area. But Latin American countries are characterised by the absence of medium size centres.