64 SOCIAL SCIENTIST
1 See F Sandbach, Environment: ideology and policy, Oxford, 1980, and the present writer's review of this book ("Ecological crises and ecological movements: a bourgeois deviation"), Economic and Political Weekly, December 25. 1982.
2 People's Union for Democratic Rights, Undeclared Civil War, Delhi, 1982. pl2.
3 In any case, the practice of clear felling of existing forests to plant quick growing exotic species (such as eucalyptus and tropical pines) is strictly a post-1950 phenomenon. Given the retarded nature of industrial development in the colonial period, there was no need to resort to such practices. At the time, th® growth of favoured indigenous species (e g, teak, sal, chirpme, doctor) utilised for railways, trade and military purposes was encouraged at the expense of other co-existing (so-called "inferior") species by ordinary silvicultural methods of cleaning, tending, girdling, etc.
4 It is not our intention to exonerate the FD or give it a clean chit. What we are stressing is that any erquiry into Indian forestry must begin by investigating how in different situations, the FD is assigned appropriate tasksby the state.
5 D N Misra, "Current management concepts in forestry", in E G Hallsworth (ed), Socio-economic effects and constraints in tropical forest management. New York, 1982, p 198. This quote makes clear the pitfalls of an approach that echoes other state bodies and politicians who are quick to blame the FD for its "corruptibility", "inefficiency", and "short-sighted commercial orientation".
6 The agitation leading to the Tilari incident has been described in S C Dabral, Garhwal Ka Itihas (in Hindi), volume 6. Dugadda, Garhwal, (n a), pp 310 ff.
7 See E C Mobbs, Working Plan for the Tons Forest Divition, Tehri-Garhwal State 1925-46, Allahabad, 1926.
8 "Recommendations of the Kumaun forest grievances committee in the United Provnces", in File No 522 of 1922, Nos 10-24, Procecd;rgs A. June 1922. Department of Revenue and Agriculture (Forests), National Archives of India, Kumaon in the statement by Hewett referred to the Kumaon revenue divis on, incorporating the districts of Naini Tal, Almora and Brithh Garhwal.
9 These movements occured in 1916, 1921, and 1931. See, inter alia, EA Smyth:es, India's Forest Wealth, London, 1925; FC Ford Robertson. Our Forests, Allahabad, 1936, and the source cited in footnote.
10 Personal communication from Dr S R D Guha. One tonne of paper requires -about three tonnes of raw meterial. The diversion of bamboo towards the paper industry has deprived a large number of rural artisans of a source of livelihood—another example of the deleterious impact of commercialisation in a situation where capitalism is imposed from above (see M Gadgil, Rauf Ali,andSN Prasad, Forest Management in India: a critical review, Bombay, 1982).
Broadly the same situation existed in the other colonies in Asia and Africa, where the colonial rulers were not really interested in encouraging the use of local raw material for paper manufacture in these dependencies, which, on the contrary, provided a market for paper manufactured in the metropolitan countries.
11 See D Kumar, Land and Caste in South India, Cambridge, 1965.