20 SOCIAL SCIENTIST Marx was not only a philosopher and an economist, but a master of almost every field of the social sciences, as well as the brilliant strategist and tactician of the great popular movements of his time—movements which, he was confident, would overthrow the capitalise system and usher in a new socialist society. As Lenin pointed out in his brief and illuminating article on Marx, written for a Russian encyclopaedia, teachings of Karl Marx begin with dialectical materialism, go through the materialist conception of history to the most valuable contributions to political economy and 6hd up with the theory of the strategy and tactics of the struggle for socialism. Furthermore, each one of these faces of Marx—the dialectician; the philosophical materialist; the originator of the theory of historical materialism (which, in fact, is a comprehensive guide for every single field of social sciences); the erudite scholar of political economy as recognised by Mrs Robinson herself; the brilliant organiser and leader of revolutionary movements who, in that capacity, elaborated the laws of socialist revolution, as well as the appropriate strategy and tactics to be pursued for leading that revolution—is fully integrated in one person and one theory. The basis for this integrated personality with an integrated theoretical outlook was laid when the young Marx, at the age of twentyseven, wrote the famous Theses on Feuerbach which ended with : The philosophers have only interpreted the world in various ways; the point however is to change it.1 Marx undoubtedly went over from his original philosophical position to the study of political economy, as Mrs Robinson points out. But, long before he made his well-known research into economic data and wrote his magnum opus, Capital, he became the great leader of the international working class. What made Marx famous in revolutionary circles fir&t \\ as his active participation in the European revolutionary movements of the 1840s and the 50s—movements which made him and his close comrades-in-arms (the most brilliant of whom was his collaborator in theoretical studies, Engels) flee their native lands, face persecution and penury as hunted emigres, but who clubbed themselves together as the general staff of an emerging international army of the revolution. The passionately-written Communist Manifesto, the joint product of Marx and Engels, which began with "A spectre is haunting Europe—the spectre of Communism", and ended with "The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite !", contains within it the quintessence of Marx as the theoretician of the revolutionary proletariat. Mrs Robinson, like many other non-Marxist scholars, may be inclined to dismiss the Communist Manifesto as an 'agitational tract5, having no theoretical value. I would, however, like to draw their attention to the "great original contribution" to political economy which that brilliant summary of the theoretical basis of Communism contains.