INDIAN FEUDALISM 41 95 Sel Inscrr, Bk II, no 61, lines 22-24. 96 Ibid, no 62, lines 32-34; no 634, lines 21-24; no 67, lines 24- 25. 97 S Settar and Gunther D Sontheimer (ed), op cit, p 223. 98 His manuscript entitled "Class, State and Family in Early South India" is yet to be published. 99 D NJha, "Section I: Ancient India Presidential Address", Indian History Congress; XL Session, Andhra University, Waltair, 1979, p 18. 100 Mukhia, op cit, p 293. 101 Gy Wojtilla (ed), Kasyapiyakrsisukti, op cit, verses 491-492. 102 Mukhia, op cit, p 292. However this statement is qualified by the phrase "change completely" (ibid). 103 Gy Wojtilla, Kasyapiyakrsisukti, Acta Orientalia Academiae Saentiarum Hung, XXXIII, Fax. 2, 1979, pp 209-252. The usual term for cultivator in this text is krsivala, which occurs in early medieval texts and inscriptions. Most rnatciial in this text probably belongs to medieval times. 101- Gy. Wojtilla, op cit, verses 167-168. The ghati'yanira operated by oxen is considered to be the best, that by men to be worst and that by elephants to be of the middling quality. 10-5 B N S Yadava, Society and Culture in Northern India in the Twelfth Century, p 259. 106 D N Bose and others (ed), A Concise History of Science in India, New Delhi, 1971, p 362, 107 Ibid, p 255. 108 Ibid, pp 363-364. 109 fbid.pp 358, 361, 365. 110 Ibid, pp 356, 361. 111 Ibid, pp 358-359. 112 Ibid, pp 358-360. 113 These texts belong to the early centuries of the Christian era. See, R S Sharma, Light on Early Indian Society and Economy, Bombay, 1966, pp 90-111. 114 Gy Wojtilla, op cit, pp 219-220. 1 15 "Trade and Traders in Western India", Ph D thesis. University of Delhi, 1984. 116 The text was edited by T Chowdhury in Journal ofBihar Research Society, XXXI (1945) and XXXII, (1946). The earliest ms. used by him belongs to 1851-52. Composed by Haricaranasana the text is based on the Paryayaratnamala of Madhavakara (JBRS. XXX11, 1945, Introduction, p i). Since it is strikingly indebted to Amara in chs 22 and 23 (ibid} and since potato and tobacco are not mentioned in it, it seems to be pre-Mughal. The synonyms for iron and other metals are found in ch. (varga) 6 (JBRS, XXXI, 1945). 117 Ch. 18 {JBRS, XXXI, 1945, 31-33) speaks of 24 types of simbisukadhanyagana (p 33), but the varieties, when counted, come to nearly 110 types of cereals including wheat, barley, lentils, etc. Ch 19 (ibid, 33-34) speaks of 10 types of salidhanya (transplanted paddy) and 19 types of trnasalidhanya (untransplanted? paddy), buk on counting various types of paddy and allied cereals come to nearly 64. 118 T C Dasgupta, Aspects of Bengali Society, Calcutta, 1935, pp 249-250 quoted in B N S Yadavs, op city pp 258, 305 fn. Yadava has cited several other pieces of evidence, op cit, pp 251-259. ! 19 Mukhia, op cit, p 2^2. 120 Yadava, The Problem of the Emergence of Feudal Relations in Early India, p 46, fn 1. drawls attention to the position of the serf as stated by EJ Hobsbawm on the basis of Karl Marx: "The serf, though under the control of the lord, is in fact an economically independent producer", Karl Marx Pre-capitalist Ecomnomic Formations, London, 1964, p 42.