THE MAGNITUDE OF LAND REVENUE 59 Deptt., Sec E. gen. 3880, N. A. I. (unpub.) 29. Petition ofDewan Lachman Dass against the cash settlement. Chief Secretariat of Pol. and Gen. Deptt., File No. 2 of 1896. Jammu Archives (unpub.). See also A. Wingate, op. cit., pp. 55-56. W.R. Lawrence, Valley, pp. 404-430. 30. W.R. Lawrence, Assessment Report of Ich-Nagam tehsil 1891, Jammu Archives, pp. 2-6. 31. Ibid. 32. A. Wingate states on the basis of his information that the patwari carried three editions of his records and all on scraps of paper, one of them was meant for himself, one for the Tehsildar and the third for the villagers. A. Wingate, op. cit., p. 49. W. R. Lawrence, Assessment Report of Ich-Nagam Tehsil, 1891, J. A. pp. 4-6. 33. In this case the mustajir had paid the state demand in full but at the same time succeeded in taking from the treasury an equivalent sum in the form of agricultural loans on behalf of the peasants. However, in actual practice, it was never advanced to the peasant but only entered against each on paper or lent out in the market or to their relatives at the high rate. Even if the peasant did not take a loan for agricultural operations, the state officials demanded one trak as an item of Khurch for agricultural/loans. Generally 2 seers were demanded as a tax for agricultural loan by the state from each kharwar of produce. Report Majmui, Intizam Mamalik riyasat Jammu-va-Kashmir (1872-73), Urdu, Jammu & Kashmir Govt. Press and Information Library, Sringar, Kashmir. 34. A. Wingate, op. cit., pp. 60-67. 35. Foreign Department, Sec. E, October 1886. File Nos. 235-300. National Archives of India. S. R. Temple, India in 1880, London 1881. pp. 213-15. Lawrence, Valley, p. 407, 36. Lawrence, Valley, p. 407. See also petition of Dewan Lachman Dass against the cash settlement. Chief Sec. Pol & Gen. Deptt. File No. 2 of 1896; Jammu Archives. 37. W. R. Lawrence, Report on position of Cultivating Classes in Kashmir, Foreign. Deptt, Sec E. Feb. 1890, N. A. I. R. G. Wreford, Census of India 1941, Lahore 1943, Vol. XXII, 1943, p. 15. See also F. Younghusband, Kashmir, Edinburgh, 1909, p. 195. 38. The influential lambardars and other revenue officials who stood between the state and the peasant tried their best to prevent any permanent settlement because it went against their interests. Even officials like Dewan Lachman Dass, Dewan of Kashmir province, wanted the crop settlement to continue. See Petition ofDewan Lachman Dass against the Cash Settlement, op. cit. 39. Besides the Kardar the other revenue officials included the Chakdar Lambardar^ Mustajir, Tehsildar, Tehvildar and Patwari, and Weighman. See Charles Grindleston,. Memorandum on Kashmir, Calcutta, 1873, pp. 3-8. Lawrence, Valley, pp. 418-421. 40. K.M. Panikar, Maharaja Gulab Singh, the Founder of Jammu and Kashmir State, p. 149. For details see Mirza, op at , Vol. VII, ff. 55, 57, 175 and 176. 41. For details of this agrument see my "Rural Economy of Kashmir 1846-1900",. Ph. D. Thesis, approved by the Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1982 (unpublished). RATAN LAL HANGLOO* Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.