54 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 3 V I Lenin, Collected Works, Vol 15, p 102. 4 H Laxminarayan and S S Tyagi, "Inter-state variations in types of tenancy", Economic and Political Weekly, Review of Agriculture, September 24, 1977,pp A?7-A82. 5 R Khasnabis andJChakravarty, "Tenancy, credit and agrarian backwardness: Results of a field survey". Economic and Political Weekly, Review of Agriculture, March 27, 1982, pp A21-A32. The authors observed that, in West Bengal, in 23 per cent of the cases of sharecropping, the lessees' share varied between 75 and 50 per cent and that of lessors varied between 25 and 50 per cent. In HYV crops, a 50 per cent sharing of the crop required cost participation on a 50 per cent basis. In cases of no cost share, the tenants had a higher share of the crop. See also, K Bharadwaj and P K Das, op cit. In Orissa, the authors observed that in unirrigated areas, the usual share for paddy, the main crop, was 50:50 for older tenants but the more recent sharing was done on 2/3-1/3 or 60:40 basis, the larger share accruing to the landlord. The fixed rent varied from 1.5 to 2 quintals of paddy per acre and this part of rent had been subjected to recent increase. In irrigated areas, the produce was shared on a 50:50 basis and the tenants' share of HYV paddy was 75 per cent of the produce. However, no definite pattern of sharing of byproducts was observed either in irrigated areas or in unirrigated areas. 6 Earnings, Indebtedness, cultivated holdings and assets of the weaker section households in rural areas of the states of Assam, Bihar, Haryana, J & K, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, West Bengal & Uttar Pradesh, 241 (I), Vol I, N S S Report. Govt. of India. 7 Ibid. 8 K Bharadwaj, and P K Das, op cit. VN Reddy and C S Murthy, "Backward Castes and Tenancy: A Village Study", Economic and Political Weekly, July 1, 1978, pp 1061-1076. In both the studies (the former in Orissa and the latter in Andhra Pradesh) shorter length of lease was observed with a maximum period of five years. 9 Ibid. Both these studies observed merely oral form of lease in Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. 10 V N Reddy and C S Murthy, op cit. Reddy and Murthy pointed out that in Andhra Pradesh, some landlords provided loans, either in kind or in cash, interest free in some cases, to the tenants in kharif (sometimes this provision of extending credit facilities formed part of the lease agreement) while in rabi, normally loans were not advanced. If someone happened to advance a loan in rabi, it was realised with interest. In kharif as well as in rabi, repayments were made in kind and and cash, but repayment in kind was more popular. Also, R Khasnabis and J Ghakravarty, op city reported that in West Bengal, the landlords were the most important single source of credit for landless tenants, while for tenants with land the>most important sources of loan were other than landlords. 11 K Bharadwaj and P K Das, op cit. The authors observed that in Orissa, generally owner-tenants were preferred to pure tenants and the latter, in turn, to labourers, owing to the greater security of obtaining rent. In the case of labourer-tenants the lessors wanted the tenant to possess a plough while, in the case of owner-tenants, they preferred those who owned a small holding as they would work more intensively on leased-in land. Tenants with larger families were also preferred by all the landlords. 12 Ibid.