2 SOCIAL SCIENTIST One region where Communist movement did build up a sizable mass following was Kerala. The process of this growth is discussed in the paper by E M S Namboodiripad, who simultaneously examines the obverse process of the compromise of "secular" Congressmen with caste and communal elements. The moments of this compromise of course differed in the two main regions of the state, Malabar and Travancore-Cochin, which had divergent histories of the growth of the democratic movement. The bourgeois-democratic movement in the princely states was rooted, from its very beginning, in the caste and communal groupings, unlike in "British'9 Malabar where the anti-imperialist struggle took precedence and, with the exception of the Muslim League, no caste or communal party remained after the 1937 elections. Caste and community-based contradictions among bourgeois politicians helped the Communist party, with its record of leading outstanding mass struggles, to secure a majority in the first elected legislature of the state; the anti-Communist strategy worked out by the Congress thereafter and put into effect in the so-called "liberation struggle" was to form a united front of all the caste and communal parties and elements. "Having gone through a series of transformations in form, the essence of the alliance forged in 1959-1960 continues upto now." The theme of compromise recurs in Prakash Karat's note as well. The anti-imperialist struggle witnessed the emergenece of two streams of national consciousness, a pan-Indian one, and the other based on linguistic nationalities. The rupture between the two and the emergence of regional chauvinism and divisive tendencies are traced by the author to a "betrayal" by the ruling classes which took the form, on the one hand, of jettisoning the federal principle and riding roughshod over the aspirations of the various nationalities, and, on the other hand, of a compromise with pre-capitalist classes, institutions and ideologies. The conflicts created by this betrayal, which have helped the ruling classes by keeping the toiling masses divided, are now sought to be used by imperialism to dismember the country. Sumit Sarkar's piece was written as a rejoinder to Arun Shourie's attack in The Illustrated Weekly of India on the Communists for their role in 1942. While Sarkar is critical, implicitly or explicitly, of Communist positions on many issues, he exposes the absurdity of the Shourie method of "historical research", recounts the anti-imperialist record of the Communists, recaptures the agony of the Communist choice in 1942 and underscores the fact that in 1942 the angels were not on one side alone. Shourie type exposes prevent an appreciation of the complexity of the historical context and amount to crude red-baiting.^ And finally, we publish a note by Mahinder Kumar on Marx and Dr Ure. Since the lineage of many latter-day "managerial" therories can be traced back to the ideas of Dr Ure, the "philosopher" of the factory system, a resume of his ideas and Marx's critique of them should be of interest.