64 SOCIAL SCIENTIST
of Fredrick Taylor and present-day management consultants can be easily traced to Charles Babbage, Andrew Ure and Robert Owen. The critiques of the formulations of Babbage and Robert Owen by the founding fathers of scientific socialism, Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, have received adequate attention of social scientists, but it is surprising that Ure, by contrast, has received such scant attention. In fact, Marx, in his Capital, refers to Ure as a "Philosopher of Factory" and pays a unique tribute to this founding father of management theory:
"Dr Ure, in his apotheosis of Modern Mechanical Industry, brings out the peculiar character of manufacture tnore sharply than all previous economists, who had not his polemical interest in the matter, and more sharply than his contemporaries, e g, Babbage ..."1 Marx remarks that Ure's understanding of capitalist division of labour in factory systems was even clearer than that of Adam Smith. It is on account of this importance attached to Ure's contributions by Marx that we proceed to report the basic contentions of Andrew Ure and the critical evaluation of his magnum opus. The Philosophy of Manufacture, by Karl Marx. This, in our view, is improtant for the following reason: it has become fashionable these days to "revise" or ' 'improve upon" Marxism, but while "marxism can be developed as Lenin did, to examine concrete developments, it cannot be revised, patched up, altered at will without being negated",2 any development of Marxism, however, to take account of concrete conditions, requires a study of what Marx himself had to say. Most of the new class theorists argue that Marx did not have an opportunity to observe the divorce of ownership and control in joint stock companies, and hence, the process of control in a capitalist society has to be studied afresh. As a matter of fact, however, Marx did have a good deal to say on the question.
Anderw Ure (1778-1853) is assigned his due place by Daniel A Wren as an early exponent of management thought who exercised influence on the two most important proponents of management theory, viz, Fredrick W Taylor and Henry Payol. Ure was a chemist by training and was a well known teacher of science of his times. He got interested in the study of labour process when he joined Dr Anderson's school for teaching science to workmen. Later, however, Ure shifted the composition of his classes in favour of white collars and his students largely consisted of "clerks, warehousemen, small tradesmen and shopkeepers".3 Though basically intending to teach and write on machinery and its use, Ure became more concerned subsequently with teaching the methods of maintaining order in factory systems to these middle level employees. He rightly subtitled his The Philosophy of Manufacture as an Exposition of the Scientific.^ Mortal and Commercial Economy of the factory system of Great Britain.
His concern with the moral and commercial aspects, stressing the social implications of the use of machinery, assumes special importance when we consider Sydney Pollard's assertion that in Ure's time