MANAGERIAL CONTROL 65 the British entrepreneurs were only concerned with technological innovations and paid little attention to social engineering (or organisation and management). Ure bemoaned the ignorance of the owners of factory systems, the industrial capitalists, and maintained that 'industrial managers' are the soul of the British corporate system. Ure's concern for maintaining order in the factories becomes explicit from his statement that for the success of capitalist factory ''the main difficulty didn't... lie so much in the invention of a proper self-acting mechanism...as . in training human beings to renounce their desultory habits of work ^.nd to identify themselves with the varying regularity of complex automation".4 While evaluating the work of Arkwright, he maintained that to "devise and administer a successful code of factory discipline^ "suited to the necessities of factory diligence was . the noble achievement of Arkwright".5 Arkwright called for Napoleon's nerve and ambition on the part of factory managers to subdue the refractory tempers of work people and Ure regarded this as the basic need of the contemporary factory system, Ure, like the other vulgar political economists, subscribed to the view that the surplus in production accrued from the use of machines and, as such, 'self-denial' and 'abstinence' by the capitalists gave the latter a moral right, as owers of machine, to keep their menials— the work people—in perfect subservience to their wishes. He proposed an autocratic style of management and considered the industrial manager as the prime mover of factory systems and sang his praises by maintaining that "in these spacious halls, the benignant power of steam summons around him h?s myriads of willing menials".6 He treated the prime mover and manager as synonymous. While stressing perfect harmony and unity between science and capital, Ure consciously made a case for bringing down the employment of skilled artisans in factory systems. "The principle of factory system is to substitute mechanical science for hand skill...on an automatic plan, skilled labour gets progressively superseded...", a skilled workman may not "fit as a component of mechanical system and thus, he may do a great harm to the whole".7 This de-skilling of vast majority of labouring masses not only keeps a check on the wages and thus cost of labour but also makes it easier to manage factory systems. Technological innovations, as proposed by this philosopher of factory, aim at diminishing the cost of labour ^by substituting the industry of ^omenand children for that of men or that of ordinary labours for trained ones. Machinery should substitute the 'cunning workmen5 who used their skill to disrupt work."8 Skills imparted by scientific and technological revolution to the ordinary workers are described as harmful. On the other hand, the capitalists are called upon to employ special corps of trained professionals who could help the ignorant capitalists in reaping the fruits of scientific advance. Skills when acquired by workers make them 'cunning' and these very skills when exploited by the