68 SOCIAL SCIENTIST providing more leisure and proper education to labouring masses, he would like the workers shoulder the responsibility of all future technological innovations. Marx also takes exception to hierarchical structure of skills and a forced divorce between conception and execution skills in these structures. He welcomes the emergence of managers in joint stock companies as a justification for his argument that the capitalist is redundant in socialised production and the job of coordinating the division of labour in a factory system can be done by a hired man. To the extent the manager just functions as a functionary in the exploitation mechanism, his role is negative. Marx does not subscribe to the universality of the master-slave scenario in production relations. The work of supervision and coordination by an external agency is not the characteristic function of all 'social labour9, the need for it arises from the "anti-thesis between the owners of means of production and owners of mere labour power."17 If the worker was allowed to develop fully, he "will not need a manager to render him useful to himself and to the society". In the intermediate stages before the worker's self-control, Marx would require the manager to be paid by and be responsible to workers, as was the case in cooperative factories in his times. Apart from castigating the crazy resistance put up by Ure against the ban on child labour, against the reduction of working day and freedom of association of workers, Marx also pointed out a number of Ure's inconsistencies. Ure obliterated the difference between technological progress and its use by capital, treated worker's resistance as a hindrance in the productive mechanism as well as to increasing productivity. At one time, Ure talked of modern factory system as a system for reduction of all labour to simple physical labour; at the same time, he treated it as a work system of "adaptation to the different talents of man59.18 While describing the happiness of labouring children in Manchester factories, he stressed the need for habituating them better to factory work. Yet, notwithstanding his inconsitencies and his abhorrent ideological stance, Ure, according to Marx, recognised that *'with the introduction of machinery, the division of labour inside the society has increased, the task of the workers inside the workshop has been simplified, capital has been concentrated, the human being has further been dismembered".19 Ure talks frankly of each workman as a commodity when he maintains that, through division of labour, "a workman of appropriate value and cost was naturally assigned to each job5'.20 According to Marx, turning labour power into a commodity is the most characteristic feature of the capitalist organisation of production. But the philosophy propounded by Ure, one of the earliest exponents of management theory, was inhuman and Marx, as a spokesman of the labouriog masses, thoroughly rebutted this ideological propaganda for the emerging capitalist class. Ironically, there is no dearth of Ure's progeny, even in the era of rising working class movements,