U S IMPERIALISM IN KOREA 17 7 The motives of Li Hung-Ghang and his government in Americans concluding a treaty with Korea in 1882 are discussed in Chay, op city n 1, p 2L 8 For the text of the Taft-Katsura Memorandum, see Andrew C Nahm, "U S policy and the Japanese Annexation of Kore^»", in Kwak, et at, op cit, n 1, Appendix A, pp 51-53. 9 Cited in Chay, op cit, n 1, p 28. 10 Qutoed in A Whitney Griswold, The Far Eastern Policy of the United States, New Haven, Conn, 1938, p 120 (Cited by Nahm, in Kwak et al, o? cit, n 1, 41) 11 Hayashi Gousuka to Komura Jutaro, 13 March 1904. (Cited by Nahm, in Kwak etal.Ibid.n l,p40). 12 Nahm, however, argues: "It was a secret document for it was kept secret, but it was neither as secret bargain with a quid pro quo, nor was it an agreement in which the United States gave complete freedom of action to the Japanese in Korea", Ibid, p 38. 13 Kaneko Kentaro, "Nichl-Ro Kowani Kanshi Beigoku ni Okevu yo no Katsudo ni tsuite" (Concerning my Activities in the United States during the Japanese-Russian Peace Negotiations), Confidential Japan (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Research Division), First Section Special Edition, no 5, January 1939, p 53. Quoted in, Ibid, p 46.) 14 Ibid. 15 Homer B Hulbert, The Passing of Korea, New York, 1906, p 426. (Cited by Young II Shin. op cit n 5, pp 212-213). 16 For an excellent exposition of this point and for an exhaustive and incisive analysis of the US policy towards Korean liberation, see Bruce Cummings, "American Policy towards Korean Liberation", in Frank Baldwin, (ed), Without Parallel: The American-Korean Relationship since 1945, New York, 1973, pp 48-53. Also see Bruce Cummings's seminal work, The Origins of the Korea War. Liberation and the Emergence of Separate Regime, 1945.1947, Princetion, NJ, 1981, pp 101-129. For good studies on the nature and character of Japanese colonial rule, see Gregory Henderson, Korea: The Politics of the vortex, Cambridge, 1968, pp 72-112. Harold Hak-Won Sunoo, n 6 pp 255-295; and Wilfred Burchelt, "The Struggle for Korea's National Rights", Journal of Contemporary Asia, London, Vol 5, no 2 1975, p 226. 17 Cummings op cit, n 16, p 51. 18 SuhDae-Sook, The Korean Communist Movement, 1918-1948, Princeton. NJ, 1967, p 132. 19 A statement of fundamental principles for the post-war world was issued jointly by Roosevelt and Churchill after a series of meetings between 9 and 12 August 1941 aboard the US cruiser Augsuta and HMS Prince of Wales in Argentina Bay, Newfoundland. For the next, see US Department of State, Cooperative War Effort, Department of State Publications, Washington, D C, 1732, Executive Agreement series 236, 1942. 20 Cummings, op cit, n 16. pp 40-41. 21 Ibid. 22 How storngly Churchill reacted to the trusteeship proposal at the Yalta Conference can be seen in the following American account: "Under no circumstances, (Churchill) declared hotly, would he ever consent to the fumbling fingers of forty or fifty nations prying into the life's existence of the British Empire. As long as he was Prime Minister, he declared, he would never yield one scrap of Britain's heritage." Quoted in Edward R Stettinius, Jr, Roosevelt and Russians: The Yalta Conference, Walter Johnson. (ed). New York. 1949 p 236. 23 Anthony Eden, Memoirs: The Reckoning, Boston, Mass, 1965, p 593. 24 US Department of State, In Quest of Peace and Security: Selected Documents of American Foreign Policy, 1941-1951. Washington, D C 1951, p 10. 25 Cho Soon Sung, Korea in World Politics, 1940-1950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility, Berkeley, Calif, 1967, ppl7.18.Also see Cummings. The Origins of the