BOOK REVIEW 67 to unlearn what they had learnt in the glorious years of socialist construction in the Soviet Union and of the world-wide anti-fascist struggle at whose head stood the Soviet Union led by Joseph Stalin. Within less than a decade after this development in the Soviet Party, however, the person who played the foremost part in "exposing" Stalin, denouncing him before the whole world, Nikita Khrushchev, was himself exposed and denounced by the very Party at whose head he had stood for over a decade after Stalin's death. He was removed from the Party and Government as summarily as other leaders had been removed during Stalin's days. In the meantime, many of those who had been denounced earlier were rehabilitated. In relation to Tito, the rehabilitation went so far that Khrushchev openly apologised to him for the wrongs done by his Party under Stalin's leadersdip. Although Khrushchev was removed from the leadership of the Soviet Party, his followers continue to pursue this very policy, so that no trace remains today of the denunciations made against Tito by the Soviet and other fraternal Parties. There was one Party during this entire period which was apparently free from the convulsions that were rocking other Communist Parties, including that of the Soviet Union. That is the Communist Party of China. The collective leadership that had emerged after protracted inner-party struggle—the leadership headed by Mao Tse-tung and consisting of Chou En-lai, Liu Shao-chi, jChu Teh and so on—remained at the helm of affairs, both in the Party and the Government. Unity and cohesion inside the leadership, close liaison between the leadership and the people, appeared to be unshakable. Alone among the Communist Parties of the world—both those in countries where they are ruling parties as well as those in the capitalist world—the Chinese Party appeared to be free from all the ideological conflicts arising out of the controversy raised by Khruschev's attack on Stalin. This was however more apparent than real. Behind the outward calm that pervaded the Communist Party of China and its collective leadership, there were signs of rumblings. Beginning with the 'great leap forward', followed by Chairman Mao's withdrawal from the position of Head of State and concentrating himself on ideological work, a series of events took place showing that the inner-party position in China was far more serious than that of the Soviet Union. Compared to the "Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" that rocked the Party, Government and people in China during 1965-67, Khrushchev's denunciation of Stalin, the subsequent removal of Khrushchev himself and so on were child's play. The only difference between the convulsions within the two (Soviet and Chinese) Parties was that, while in the Soviet Union Stalin, the indisputable leader for a quarter of a century, was posthumously attacked, the Chinese leader of that stature, Mao Tse-tung was the initiator, leader and victor in the inner-party struggle in China. Following the Soviet Party's denunciation of Stalin on which the