14 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 14. Ain-i'Akbari, Vol. Ill, Nawal Kishore, pp. 3-4. ' 15. Cf. Athar Ali, Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb, 1966, p. 31. 16. Rafiuddin Ibrahim Shirazi, Tazkirat ul-Muluk, MS. Britisli Library, Add. 23 883, Chapter IX. 17. Cf. Aziz Ahrnad, Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment, Oxford, 1964, p. 25. 18. Cf. Surat Singh, Tazkira-i Pir Hassu Tell, ft. 30 b-37 a. 19. S.K. Sharma.. The Religious Policy of the Mughal Emprr ,n, 1st edition, p. 153. Compare Satish Chandia, 'Jiziyah and the State in India during 17rh Cent urv\ Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, XII, pp. 32-40, where he quotes a statement from Khulasatus Sivag, suggesting that although the revival o^jiuyoh engaged Aurangzeb's attention at the commencement of his region, he "postponed the matter due to certain political contingencies". 20. According to Athar Ali, while during 1658-78, the non-Muslim nobles constituted 21.6 per cent of the total number of the nobles, during the last ten vears of Aurangzeb's reign their strength rose to 31.6 per cent. The Mughal Nobility under Aurangzeb,p.3\. 21. Ain-i Akbari, Vol. I, Nawal Kishore, pp. 201-205, compare, Jarrett's translation. Vol. II, pp. 54-55, 58-59. 22. Athar Ali, 'Theories of Sovereignty in Islamic Thought in India", published in the proceedings of the Indian History Congress, 1982. 23. Compare, LI.N. Ghoshal, in Thf Classical Age, ed. by R.C. Majumdar, pp. 345-46. 24. Blochmann, Ain-i Akbari, tr., p.4. 25. Muntakhabut Tawarikh, Vol. I, p. 385. 26. Babumama, tr. by A.S. Beveridge, reprint, London, 1969, pp. 382-83. 27. Compare, Franklin Eegenon, Vikrama's Adventures, Vols. 2, Harward Oriental Series. 1926. 28. See Baron Charles Hugel, Travels in Kashmir and the Punjab, 1970, p. 317, wherein it is mentioned that, Ranjit Singh appointed General Avitabile as qazi and governor of Lahore. 29. Maasir-ul Vmara, Vol. I, Calcutta, p. 239. 30. India as a Secular State, pp. 216-31, 304. 31. ibn Batuta, quoted by A.B.M. Habibullah, Foundation of Muslim Rule in India, p. 326, Compare Gibb's translation wherein it is not mentioned that the agent of the shiqdar would be present at the time of the burning of a widow. Travels in Asia and Africa, ed. Denison Ross and Eillen Power, London, 1969, pp. 191-92?. 32. Badauni, Muntakhabut Tawarikh, Vol. II, p. 306. 33. Several cases are recorded in Waga-i Sarkar Ranthanbor Was Ajmer, MS. Preserved in Rampur. 34. By the time British authority was established in India, the incidence o^sati in the Gangeric plain had become negligible, while it was widely practiced in Bengal and Rajputana, Donald Eugene Smith, India as a Secular State, p.217. 35. Futuhat-i Firuz Shahi, ed. Shaikh Abdur Rashid, 1964, pp. 8-9. 36. Khafi Khan, Muntakhab-ut Lubab, Vol. II, pp. 213-14. 37. Abul Fazi, Ain-i Akbari, Vol. I, tr. by Blochmann, pp. 287-88. 38. Ain-in Akbari Vol. Ill, Nawal Kishore, p. 190, and tr., by Jarred, ed., hyJ.N. Sarkar, 1948, p. 449. 39. ^luntakhabut Tawarikh, Vol. II, pp. 201, 303, 321-22. Compare Tazkira-i Pir Hassu Teli, wherein it is clearly suggested that the ban on cow slaughter continued under Jahangir as well. 40. Hira Lal, Descriptive lists ^Inscriptions in Central Provinces and Berar', Nagpur, 1916, p. 50,