SECULAR STATE CRAFT 15 quoted by.Mehdi Hasan, Tughluq Dynasty, 1963, pp. 334-35. 41. M.B. Jhavery, Comparative and Critical Study of Mantrastra, p. 28, quoted bv Mahdi Hasan, Tughluq Dynasty, p. 321. 42. Cf. Romish Chandra Banerjee, 'The State Patronage to Hindu and Muslim Religions' Bengal: Past and Present, Vol. Ill, Januan-June, 1939, p. 26, wherein are ^produced . extracts from a memorandum submitted to the government bv nearly two hundred civil, and military officers, including the clergv, of the company's government in Madras, referred to in The Court of Directors Despatch, dated October 1837. 43. In Abul Fazl's summary ofthewaAzar, a deliberate attempt is made to create an impression that Akbar had been empowered to arbitrate not onlv between the orthodox schools of Muslim jurisprudence but also between different religions and sects. Corn pare Akbamama, Vol. Ill, pp. 269-70. For the original text of the mahzar Cf. Badauni, Muntakhabut Tawarikh, Vol. II, p. 271.' 44. Dev Raj Chanana, The Sanskiritist and Indian Society', Enquiry, New Series, Vol. II, No. 2, 1965, p. 54. ! 45. Muhammad Askari Hussain Durrul Manshur, quoted bv Blochmann, Ain-in Akbari, Vol. I, tr., pp. LIV-LV. 46. Abul Fazi, Akbamama, Vol. II, p. 287, Badauni, Muntakhabut Tawarikh, Vol. II, p. 93. 47. Tuzuk-i Jahangiri, ed. by Saivid Ahmad Khan, Ghazipur and Aligarh, 1863-64, p. 124. 48. Kamal al-din Abdul Razzaq, (British Library, Or. 1291, i. 204 b) cited by Aziz Ahmad, Studies in Islamic Culture in the Indian Environment, p. 20. 49. There exist a large number of such grants. To quote at random, one may refer to a sanad dated A.D. 1746-47 giving a grant of one and a ha\f bigha of'land for the expenses on account ofChiraghbatti and other services' of a newly built mosque in the village Mahagiri Pakhadi in qasba Thana, Cf. The Peshwa's Diaries, Vol. II, document number 171, p. 101 (For this reference I am indebted to Dr Mahendra Pal Singh.)