tfcNiN AND IMPERIALISM l^ lies seek superprofits which may not be available from domestic investment channels even in the absence of a domestic realization crisis. Thus capital exports are related to monopoly superprofits, although obviously domestic, realization crises and income distributional changes are not precluded by this argument. Patnaik also briefly touches on two tendencies in modern leftist analyses of imperialism, which are discussed in more detail in several other papers in the volume. The first sees the development of'Third World" countries as almost totally constrained by imperialism (often operating through "unequal exchange") rather than internal structures and class forces. The other tendency, exemplified by Bill Warren, views imperialism as a moribund issue, which is no longer relevant in discussions of development in these countries. Both of these one-sided approaches miss out the dialectical nature of processes in contemporary economies, which are obviously influenced by both internal and external factors. Implicit in this argument is the view that external constraints themselves may be more complex and varying than those presented by a simplified unidimensional presentation of an imperialist oppressor country and a persecuted oppressed poor nation. The need to look more carefully into the dynamics of capitalist development and the different mechanisms through which advanced capitalism affects economic processes in developing countries, is clearly one inspiration for this book, and forms an underlying concern in several of the articles. Amiya Bagchi's paper deals mainly with Lenin's theory rather than more recent economic events. Bagchi provides a cogent and concise summary of Lenin's theory, and argues that to be understood fully, the pamphlet on imperialism must be read in conjunction with some of Lenin's other works, in particular his views on national self-determination. This highlights an important political dimension to imperialism, and to the uneven development of capitalism which is associated with it. Much of the paper is concerned with clarifying the concepts used—indeed, there is an Appendix devoted to discussing four typical misrepresentations of Marxist-Leninist theories of imperialism. These clarifications and the presentation of the essence of the Leninist argument provide a very useful opening to the volume notwithstanding the polemical style. However, the epilogue on extensions of Lenin's theory to today's world is tantalizingly brief. Essentially Lenin provided a description of certain tendencies of late capitalism, as well as major insights into the nature of unequal development, capital exports, inter-imperialist rivalry and the primacy of politics. These can make up the broad contours of explanation of recent international politico-economic relations. But surely a deeper understanding of the role and behaviour of TNCs and the differential rates of productivity growth between the major developed capitalist countries (the two problems that Bagchi mentions as examples) would require major extensions and further explanation within these broad contours. To rely only on the classic works for