RACE RELATIONS SITUATIONS OP OVi RSHAS INDIANS 23 48. R.T. Smith (1967), 'Social Stratification, Cultural Pluralism, and Integration in West Indian Societies', in Sybil Lewis and Thorns Matthews (eds.), Caribbean Integration Papers on Social, Political, and Economic Integration, Institute cf Caribbean Studies, Rio Piedras. 49. The split labour market situation was widespread in the colonial economies. Quoting Parliamentary Papers (India) Reports 1841, XVI (45), p. 6), Cumpston notes that in Guyana " the total annual receipts of a healthy coolie when fully paid in wages, food and clothes amounted to 8.10s Od per annum and the wages of a free labourer, ncgro or mulatto, at 1/2 dollar a day deducting the food and clothing, $32.8s Od", I.M. Cumpston (1969), Indians Overseas in British Territories, Oxford University Press, London, p. 32. 50. J. Taylor (1979) op. cit., p. 226. 51. D. Rothchitd (1973), Racial Bargaining in Independent Kenya : A Study of Minorities and Decolonization, London, pp. 62-102. 52. H. Tinker (1976), Separate and Unequal: India and Indians in the British Commonwealth, 1920-1950, University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver. 53. S. Arasaratnam (1970), Indians in Malaysia and Singapore, Oxford University Press, London. 54. The growth of the middle classes in various colonial/post-colonial situations are described, for example, in M. Mamdani (1976), Politico and Class formation in Uganda, Monthly Review Press, London; W.R. Roff (1967). 'The Origins of Malay Nationalism", Yale University Press, London ; N. Swainson (1980), The Development of Corporate Capitalism in Kenya, Heinemann Books, London. 55. The then Prime Minister Nehru (1947-64) had frequently exhorted the overseas Indians to identify themselves with the country of their adoption. In 1955 he declared that Indians in Africa could expect no help from India if they exploited Africans. 56. H. Tinker (1976) op. cit. 57. Y. Tandon, (1965), 'A Political Survey', in D.P. Ghai (ed.), Portrait of a Minority, Oxford University Press, Nairobi. 58. P. Bhatia (1973), Indian Ordeal in Africa, Vikas Publishing House, Delhi. 59. K. Nkrumah (1968), Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, Heinemann Educational Books, London ; C. Leys (1975), Under development in Kenya, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. 60. C. Leys (1975), Ibid, p. 254. 61. R.T. Smith (1971), "Race and Political Conflict in Guyana", Race 12(4), pp. 415-18. 62. This becomes possible as in many less-developed countries "the ruling class is directly represented in the state, and in some cases the state-classes are corn* bined features of society''(J. Petras, *'Critical Perspectives on Imperialism and Social Class in Third World, Monthly Review Press, New York, 1978. p. 69). 63. Obviously not all of these ideologies or policies can be put on the same footing in terms of their content and real intent. In spite of some flexibility, apartheid essentially represents the continuity of colonialism, while oilier ideologies which emerged in reaction to imperialism have emancipatory content and reflect the neo-colonial reality. 64. G.L. Beckford (1972), Persistent Poverty : Under development ia Plantation Economies of the Third World^ Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 216-17,