AGRICULTURAL BACKWARDNESS OF MALABAR 75 19. William Logan, Malabar, Vol. I, op.dt, p. 604. 20. Ibid., p. 584. 21. William Logan, Malabar, Vol. II, p.175. 22. Salter, Gilbert (ed). Economic Studies, Vol. I, 'Some South Indian Villages', Madras, Oxford University Press, p. 173 and 195. 23. William Logan, Malabar Special Commission 1881^-82, op.cit./ Chapter IV, para 106. 24. On 5 August 1856, the Sadr Court defined the various tenures and fixed the tenure of Kanam, Kilikannm tenures as redeemable tenures after 12 years. For details see: Kurup, K. K. N., William Logan-—A Study in the Agrarian Relation of Malabar, Calicut: Sandhya Publications, 1981, Chapter 3. 25. William Logan, Malabar, Vol. I, op.cit., p. 583. 26. William Logan, Malabar Special Commission 1881^82, op.cit.. Chapter IV, para 119. 27. Ibid., para 151.- 28. Sullivan, Report on the Province of Malabar and Canava at, 29th January 1841, Calicut, Collectorate Press, 1916, p.9. 29. Robinson W., Report on the History, Condition and Prospects of the Taluk of Wynad dt. 22nd August 1857, op.cit., p. 9. 30. Innes C.A., Malabar, op.cit., p. 227. 31. Bourne R., Nilambur Valley Working Plan, Vol. I, op.cit., p. 40. 32. Malabar Tenancy Committee (1940), Vol. I, op.cit., p. 50. 33. It is often cited that during the Mysorean rule, Arshed Beg Khan, the Mysorean Governor had introduced a systematic land tax system, which was later copied by the early colonial rulers of Malabar. But Logan points out that prior to colonial rule, the country was not settled enough for the introduction of any systematic land tax system. Logan further says that the Joint Commissioner in 1792-93 obtained from a Brahman named Jinnea, a statement purporting to give details of Arshed Beg Khan's settlement of southern portion of the district for the year 1784-85, and on this basis they framed guidelines for the introduction of tax system in the southern districts. But later in 1822, it was proved beyond doubt that the information supplied by Jinnea was false. See: William Logan, Malabar, Vol. I., op.cit., p.p. 621-627. 34. Buchanan, Francis, op.cit., p. 66. 35. Thomas Warden, op.cit., p.p. 7-10. 36. For the text of the proclamation, see: William Logan, Malabar, Vol. II, Appendix V, p. 250. 37. William Logan, Malabar Special Commission 1881-82, op.cit.. Chapter IV, paras 1600-162. 38. Logan says that the reasons attributed to excessive renewal fee, and rent are probably under-reported because the renants give the information in the presence of landlords or their agents. 39. Buchanan, op.cit., p. 69. 40. Ward and Conner, op.cit., p. 86 and 138. 41. Clementson P. op.cit., p. 3. 42. Statistics of Malabar 1873-74, p.l9. 43. William Logan, Malabar, Vol. II, op.cit. p. 22. 44. 3951 Census Hand Book— Malabar District, op.cit., p. 4. 45. William Logan, Malabar, Vol.1., op.cit., p. 62. 46. Buchanan says that landlords had to pay a larger share of rent ranging from 60 per cent to 84 per cent as land tax to the government because of the low prices prevailed. The land tax was required to pay in money. See: Buchanan, op.cit., p. 67. 47. William Logan, Malabar, Vol. I, p. 614. 48. Clemenston P., op.cit., p. 4. 49. William Logan, Malabar, Vol. I, p. 614. 50. Ibid., p. 718. 51. William Logan, Malabar, Vol.11, op.cit., p.p. 252 & 254-56. 52. Clemenston P., op.cit., p. 2. 53. 1951 Census Handbook—Malabar District, p. 13. 54. Thomas Warden, Report on the Revenue System in Malabar, dt. the 10th June 1813, Calicut, Collectorate Press, 1916, p. 4. 55. Ibid., p. 4.