44 SOCIAL SCIENTIST NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. These revolts had taken place mainly under the leadership of the feudal class. However they were strengthened by the large-scale participation of the peasantry. The Pazhassi rebellion continued in Malabar during 1796-1805 with all characteristics of a major anti-imperialist revolt in South India. 2. An analysis of these revolts and their agrarian character are given in K.K.N. Kurup, William Logon: A Study in the Agrarian Relations of Malabar, Calicut University P.O., 1981. 3. See Malabar Special Commission: 1881-2: Malabar Land Tenures (Report by William Logan), Madras, 1896. 4. See Minutes on the Draft Bill Relating to Malabar Land Tenures Report by Charles Turner, Madras, 1885. 5. Kanna Devan Hill Produce Company had possessed an area of 214.74 square miles or 1,37433.6 acres, Travancore legislative Council Proceedings, 11 April 1923, Vol. II, p.581. 6. K.N. Panikkar, 'Peasant Revolts in Malabar in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries' in A.R. Desai (ed.). Peasant Struggles in India, Bombay, 1979, pp.601-630. Also Soumyendranath Tagore, Peasant Revolt in Malabar, Bombay, 1937. 7. The Indian National Congress passed a resolution in its session at Ahmedabad that the disturbance was not due to the non-cooperation or the Khilafat movement. R.C. Majumdar criticized this resolution as 'unworthy of a great political organisation'. Majumdar, History and Culture of the Indian People: Struggle for Freedom, Bombay, 1969, XM, pp.363-4. 8. Interview with K.A. Keraleeyan, an eminent freedom fighter and peasant activist, at his residence at Calicut, 7 June 1987. 9. N.G. Ranga, Fight for Freedom, Delhi, 1968, p.215. 10. Sumit Sarkar, Modem India, Delhi, 1984, p.339. 11. The leadership in these activities was given by P. Krishna Pillai, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, K.A. Keraleeyan, T.S. Tirumumb, Vishnu Bharateeyan, A.K. Gopalan, A.V. Kunhambu, K.P.R. Gopalan, K.P. Gopalan, E.P. Gopalan, K. Madhavan and others. 12. E.N. Panikkar, 'Peasant Exploitation in the Nineteenth Century' in Journal of Kerala Studies, Trivandrum, XI, March-December 1984, pp.155-85. 13. Details are given in K. Copalan Kutty, "The Integration of Anti-Landlord Movement with the Movement Against Imperialism-The Case of Malabar: 1935-39' in Bipan Chandra, The Indian Left: Critical Appraisals, New Delhi, 1983, pp.201-14. 14. On account of these peasant agitations the government appointed a committee, vide G.O. Madras (P) 1666, Revenue, 5 July 1939 to suggest proposals for legislation. 15. V.V. Kunnikrishnan, Tenancy Legislation in Malabar-An Historical Analysis, unpublished Ph.D. submitted to the University of Calicut, 1985. 16. Details of these ritualistic caste associations are given in K.K.N. Kurup, Aryan and Dravidian Elements in Malabar Folklore: A Case Study of Ramavilliam Kazhakam, Trivandrum, 1977. 17. E.M.S. Namboodiripad, The National Question in Kerala, Bombay, 1952, pp.102-3. 18. E.M.S. Namboodiripad, How I Became a Communist, Trivandrum, 1979, p.211. 19. E.M.S. Namboodiripad, Kerala: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow, Calcutta, 1968, p.170. 20. In Tellicherry two persons were killed in the police firing. In Morazha and Mattanur, people reacted violently and killed a sub-Inspector and two constables. P. •Mohandas, The Rise of Militant Nationalism in Malabar-A Case Study of Morazha Incident, M.Phil. Thesis, unpublished. University of Calicut, 1987. 21. M.K. Nambiar, evidence no. 86 in Report of the Malabar Tenancy Committee: Evidence, Madras, 1940, II, pp.326-33. 22. K.K.N. Kurup, The Kayyur Riot, Calicut, 1978, p.43. 23. They are Madhathil Appu, Potavara Kunhambu Nair, Koyithattil Chirukandan and Aboobacker. See details in G.O. Home (Routine), 1328-29 (Confi), 26 October 1942 (Madras). 24. The details of this development are given in Shashi Bairathi, Communism and Nationalism in India, Delhi, 1987, pp.171-213. 25. Memorandum No. 12640-8,11 March 1944, was issued by Public (general) deportment as per Political Agitation-Restriction and Detention Ordinance, No.III, 1944.