60 Social Scientist Communist Party (1847-48), ch. 2 and 3; Capital, vol. I (1867); Anti-Duhring (1878) and Ludwig Feuerbach and End of Classic German Philosophy (1886). For all these extracts, see ibid., pp. 65-72, pp. 78-79,117-19,128-29, and 214-32. 211. Jorge Larrain, Marxism and Ideology, London, 1983, p. 42. The work takes considerable pain to show how, with few exceptions, the most important Marxist theoreticians have developed a 'positive and neutral conception' which conceives various ideologies existing in terms of the interests of opposed classes. See particularly ch. 2 where the change in the meaning of ideology from Marx to Gransd has been delineated. 212. Cf. Max Weber, The Sociology of Religion, trans., by Ephraim Fischoff, 1963 and A. Gramsd, Selections from the 'Prison Notebooks', London, 1971, p. 376. 213. Clifford Geertz, 'Ideology of a Cultural System', in D. Apter, (ed.). Ideology and Discontent, New York, 1964. 2.14. Some representative writings grappling with these problems include, Clifford Geertz, 'Religion as a Cultural System*, in M. Banton, (ed.). Anthropological Approaches to Religion, London, 1966; P. Hirst and P. Woolley, Social Relations and Human Attributes, London, 1980, S. Lukes, 'Some Problems about Rationality', in B.R. Wilson, (ed.). Rationality, Oxford, 1970 and M. Douglas, Purity and Danger, London, 1970. All the relevant extracts from these writings have been compiled in Robert Bocock and Kenneth Thompson, (eds.). Religion and Ideology: A Reader, Manchester, 1985. 215. A. Gramsd, op. dt, passim. For Gramsd's indebtedness to Lukacs, see Jorge Larrain, op. dt., pp. 69-87. See also Perry Anderson, 'The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsd', New Left Review, no. 100, November 1976-January 1977. 216. Supra, paragraph 2.22. 217. Cf. Maurice Godelier, 'Infrastructures, Societies, and History', Current Anthropology, vol. 19, no. 4, December 1978, pp. 763-71 and 'The Emergence and Development of Marxism in Anthropology in France', in Ernest Gellner, (ed.). Soviet and Western Anthropology, London, 1980, pp. 3-18. 218. Max Adier, 'Ideology and Appearance', in T. Bottomore and P. Godde, (eds.), Austro-Marxism, Oxford, 1978, pp. 254-55. 219. See references under n. 217. 220. Ibid. Cf. also Gregor McLennan, Marxism and the Methodologies of History, London, 1981, ch. 3. 221. Maurice Godelier, 'Infrastructures, Societies, and History', Current Anthropology, vol. 19, no. 4, December 1978, p. 765. 222. Engels himself wrote in 1886, 'Every ideology, however, once it has arisen, develops in connection with the given concept—material, and develops this material further; otherwise it would not be an ideology', in Ludwig Feurbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, dted in Marx-Engels, On Religwn, p. 229. 223. Supra, paragraph 3.3-5. 224. Cf. particularly S.C. Malik, op. dt. (supra, n. 72). 225. Man Makes Himself, p. 154. 226. Romila Thapar, The Mauryas Revisited—S.G. Deuskar Lectures on Indian History (1984), Calcutta, 1987, pp. 1-31. 227. Supra, section III. 228. History of Panchal, vol. I, Delhi, 1983, pp. 173-77. 229. R.S. Sharma, Aspects of Political Ideas and Institutions in Ancient India, Delhi, 1959, pp. 103-18. 230. The idea was put forward by Barton Stein in his Peasant State and Society in Medieval South India, New Delhi, 1980 and exploded by D. N. Jha, 'Validity of "Brahmana-Peasant Alliance" and the "Segmentary State" in Early Medieval South India', Social Science Probings, vol. I, no. 2, June 1984, pp. 270-95. 231. Supra, ns. 142 and 144. 232. For South Indian marketing hierarchy in the Chola age, see Kenneth R. Hall, Trade and Stategraft in the Age of Cholas, New Delhi, 1980, passim. 233. Clifford Geertz, 'Ideology as a Cultural System,' reproduced in Robert Bocock and Kenneth Thompson, Religion and Ideology: A Reader, Manchester, 985, p. 83. Cf. this with Antonio Gramsd's recognition 'mass adhesion or non-adhesion to an ideology is the real critical test of the rationality and historicity of modes of thinking'. Prison Notebooks, London. 1971, p. 341. See also Georges Ruby, 'The Diffusion of Cultural Patterns in Feudal Sodety,' Past and Present, April, 1968.