72 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 9. NIEPA, 19S5;Educating Tribals 10. Tilak, J.B.G.; 1987, Educational Finances in India in Journal of Educational Planning and Administration, Vol.1, nos. 3&4, p.179. 11. Fourth All India Education Survey, 1978. 12. Report of the Commissioner for SC and ST - 1986-87, p.300. 13. Fifth All India Education Survey, 1986. 14. These figures are obtained from enrollments in each class at the primary stage. Fifth All India Education Survey, 1986. 15. Source: Report of the Commissioner for SC and ST, 1986-87, p.312-313. 16. Seetharamu, A.S. and Devi, U; 1985, Education in Rural Areas-Constraints and Prospects. Ashish Publishing House Delhi. 17. Report of the Commissioner for SC and ST, 1986, p.300. 18. Kurrien, J. (1983); Elementary Education in India; Myth Reality, Alternative. Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 19. Roy, P. and Kappor, J.M. (1978); The Retention of Literacy, Macmillan, Delhi. 20. Navodaya Vidyalaya Selection Test, 1987-88; Technical Report II, 1988. This report is subsequently referred to as Technical Report, 1988. 21. Ibid., p.2 22. Howe, J.A., 1988; Intelligence as an explanation, British Journal of Psychology, 79, 349-360. 23. darke and darke, (1976) for instance, found an upward shift of about 12 points in IQ amongst children who went to more 'academic' schools, darke, A.M. and Clarke, A.D.B.; Early Experience—Myth and Evidence; Open Books, London. 24. Vemon, (1969) The average rise in IQ which was obtained from a limited amount of instruction in the technique of answering questions was as much as 14 points. Vemon, P.E.; Intelligence and Cultural Environment: Methuen, London. 25. Technical Report, 1988, p.9. 26. Good enough, 1950, quoted in Michel Schiff & Richard Lewon tin's Education and Class: The irrelevance of IQ Genetic Studies. OUP, 1986. 27. Technical Report, 1988, p.54. 28. Technical Report, 1988, p.29. 29. Kurrien, J., op. cit. 30. Cole M, and Scribner, S (1974); Culture and Thought, Wiley, New York. 31. Technical Report, 1988, p.10-11. 32. All expenses of students including boarding, lodging, uniforms, books and transport are met. Teachers are also given incentives such as accommodation, free education for their children, etc. 33. Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, Annual Report, 1987-88, p.l3. 34. Ibid., p.47. 35. The information on the background of Navodaya students was obtained from the Navodaya Samiti and pertains to those admitted in 1988. The term 'service' although not defined, probably refers to jobs in the Government and school sector. 36. Declared incomes are often under-estimates, particularly among land owning and trading communities. It is only 'service' incomes that are declared completely. 37. Though 81 per cent of mothers have primary and higher levels of education, 80 per cent do not work. This suggests that Navodaya children probably belong to the traditional dominant and upper caste groups among whom the education of women is not discouraged while seeking work is. 38. De Souza, A; 1974, Indian Public Schools, Sterling Publishers, New Delhi. 39. Upadhya, B.C.; 1988; 'The Farmer Capitalists of Coastal Andhra Pradesh', EPW, July,1988. 40. Rao, S.V., 1985. Education and Rural Development. Sage Publishers, New Delhi. REFERENCES Census of India, 1981. Clarke, A.M., and A.D.B. Clarke, 1976, Early Experience: Myth and Evidence, Open Books, London. Cole, M. and S. Scribner, 1974, Culture and Thought, Wiley, New York. De Souza, A., 1974, Indian Public Schools, Sterling Publishers, Delhi. Educating Tribals: An in-depth analysis of Ashram schools, 1985, NIEPA.