28 SOCIAL SCIENTIST promote cooperation to eradicate apartheid, racism, chauvinism, nationalism and discrimination on that basis, jointly deal with problems of national minorities and refugees and safeguard the rights of emigrants.'42 These are all highly emotive and sensitive issues, requiring intensive exploration. In the struggle for a new international order, the movement would have to place humanitarian security at the same level as the search for a nuclear weapon-free world, the replacement of offensive military doctrines with those of non-offensive defence, substituting interventionary doctrines with the principle of nonintervention and the right of choice of social system, and replacing low intensity conflict with national reconciliation. NOTES 1. Gorbachev's interview to Washington Post and Newsweek at Moscow on 18 May 1988, Tass, Moscow, 22 May 1988. 2. Report by Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary of the CPSU, to the 19th Ail-Union Conference of the CPSU on 28 June; Documents and Materials of the 19th Ail-Union Conference, Novosti, Moscow, 1988, p. 33. 3. Financial Times, London, 31 May 1988. 4. New York Times, 19 January 1986. 5. Lord Carrington, 'The Defence of Europe Will Remain Transatlantic', International Herald Tribune, Singapore, 30 September 1987. 6. Henry Kissinger, 'A New Era for NATO', Newsweek, 12 October 1987, pp. 31-32. 7. Philip Geyelin, 'Ask the Right Question, Get the Right Answer', Washington Post, 20 December 1987. 8. 'Action Plan for Ushering in a Nuclear Weapon-Free and Non-Violent World Order', in Disarmament: India's Initiatives, Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi, 1988, pp. 44-53. 9. Cited in Arms Control Today, Washington, September 1988, p. 16. 10. Ibid. 11. Cited in Thomas C. Fox, 'Catholics Debate Papal Shift', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1988, p. 31. 12. Fred C. Ikle and Albert Wohlstetter (eds.). Discriminate Deterrence: Report of the 'Commission on Integrated Long Term Strategy, USGPO, Washington D.C, 1988). 13. See Michael Klare and David Callaghan, 'Defence Policy After the Crash', Technology Review, Cambridge, M.A., October 1988, pp. 53-61; Stephen Cain, 'Carlucci's Budget Avoids Hard Choices', Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1988, pp. 44-46; Gore Vidal, 'The National Security State; How to Take Our Country Back', The Nation, 4 June 1988, pp. 781-83; David White, 'The End of a Trillion Dollar Pipeline', Financial Times, 14 July 1989; Thomas A. Callaghan Jr., 'Structural Disarmament: A Vengeful Phenomenon', Journal of Defence and Diplomacy, Vol. 5, No. 3,1987, pp. 28-31. 14. International Herald Tribune, Singapore, 28 November 1988. 15. Mevryn Krauss, How NATO Weakens the West, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1986; Christopher Layne, 'Atlanticism Without NATO', Foreign Policy, No. 67, Summer 1987. pp. 22-45; Geoffrey Kemp, 'Time for a British Style Review of Commitments', International Herald Tribune, 23 November 1987; 'US in Asia: Biting the Bullet', Far Eastern Economic Review, 29 September 1988. 16. See supplement to Moscow News, No. 48,1987. 17. See F. Stephen Larrabee, 'Gorbachev and the Soviet Military', Foreign Affairs, Summer 1988, pp. 1002-26.' ^ 18. The Institute of the Economics of the World Socialist System, 'East-West Relations and Eastern Europe: The Soviet Perspective', Problems of Communism, May-August 1988. p. 62.