DEMYSIFICATION OF INTERNATIONAL SUBCONTRACTING 59 4. See Lars Anell, Recession The Western Economies and the Changing World Order/ Francis Pinter Ltd., London, 1981, p. 83. 5. On attempts at classifying the circuitry, see Dimitri Germidis (ed.). International Subcontracting A New Form of Investment, OECD, Paris, 1980, pp. 50-54,117-118. 6. Martin Landsberg, 'Export-led Industrialization in the Third World: Manufacturing Imperialism', The Review of Radical Political Economics, Winter 1979, p. 59. 7. Even affiliate production prevents such risks for the reason that 'if international subcontracting is expanded through a multinationalization strategy that is centred on "workshop subsidiaries", it may have a dissuasive effect on host countries. There would appear to be little point in nationalizing a production until that is only one link in a chain whose ends are completely outside the control of the local authorities." See Dimitri Germidis (ed.), op. cit, p. 59. 8. Donald B. Keesing, 'Linking up to Distant Markets: South to North Exports of Manufactured Consumer Goods', The American Economic Review, Vol. 75, No. 2, May 1983, p. 341. 9. Ibid. 10. Landsberg, op. cit., p. 55 11. On these lines, see ILO, Multinationals in West Europe: The Industrial Relations Experience, Geneva 1976, pp. 19-25; Vincento Navarro, 'The Labour Process and Health: A Historical Materialist Interpretation', International Journal of Health Services, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1982, pp. 20-21, 26-27; Adam Meyerson, 'Japan: Environmentalism with Growth', Wall Street Journal, 5 September 1980, p. 18; Frank Wilkinson, 'Productive Systems', Cambridge Journal of Economics, 7, 1983, p. 425. 12. So as to earn foreign exchange reserves and also to insure and expand the power of the ruling classes. For a highly summary picture of the turnaround in the industrialisation paths of LDCs, see Hubert Schmitz, 'Industrialisation Strategies in Less Developed Countries: Some Lessons of Historical Experience', The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 21, No. 1, October 1984. 13. Martin Godfrey, International Migration and Women, IDS, The University of Sussex (mimeo.), no date. 14. See Sharpston, op. cit., p. 132; Germidis (ed.), op. cit. 15. Godfrey, op. cit. 16. Politically and socially, 'substantial immigration into Japan is simply not possible or acceptable'. And there is the Japanese understanding that dependency on immigrant labour has delayed the technological restructuration of the Western economies and that it would increase social costs and problems of integrating the immigrants into the host-society. See James C. Abegglen and Akio Etori. 'Japanese Technology Today', Scientific American, Vol. 247, No. 4, October 1982. 17. Germidis (ed.), op. cit. 18. For example, the US in Mexico and Haiti; Germany and France in Tunisia and Morocco; and Japan in neighbouring Asian countries. 19. See Lars Anell, op. dt, pp. 83-84; Kathryn Morton and Peter Tulloch, Trade and Developing Countries, Croom Helm, London, 1977, pp. 212-13; Alain Lipietz, 'Towards Global Fordism?', New Left Review, No. 132, March-April 1982, p. 43; J.M. Finger, 'Tariff Provisions for Offshore Assembly and the Exports of Developing Countries', The Economic Journal, Vol. 85, June 1975; G.K. Helleiner, 'Intra-firm Trade and the Developing Countries: An Assessment of Data', in Robin Murray (ed.), Multinationals Beyond the Market, The Harvester Press, 1981; Landsberg, op. cit., p. 61. 20. In this connection see, 'Free Trade Zones: A Capitalist Dream', in Race <& Class, Vol. 22, No. 2, Autumn 1980; 'Free Trade Zones and Industrialization in Asia', in Ampo, The Japan-Asia Quarterly Review, Tokyo, 1977 (hereafter referred to as Ampo Special Issue). On the socialist involvement, see John J. Putman, 'Special Economic Zones China's Opening Door', National Geographic, July 1983; 'Hungary's Reforms in East Europe', in Frontier, i9 May 1984. 21. Where the Third World banks are short of funds to provide low-cost finance and insurance against foreign trade risks, there the transnational banks land in. 22. We draw from the excellent dissection by Muto Ichiyo, 'The Free Trade Zones and Mystique of Export-Oriented Industrialisation', in Ampo Special Issue. 23. See APO, International Subcontracting: A Tool of Technology Transfer, Tokyo, 1978, pp. 60-65; 'A New Industrial Age Dawns in Asia', in The Newsweek, March 12, 1984, pp.36-37.