CULTURE AND CONSCIOUSNESS IN MODERN INDIA 31 14. Arabinda Poddar, Renaissance in Bengal: Quest and Confrontation, Simla, 1970, pp. 118-19. 15. Tattwabodhini Patrika, Saka, 1773, Phalgun. 16. A.K. Bhattacharya, 'Akshaya Dutt, Pioneer of Indian Rationalism', Rationalist Annual, 1962. 17. Sivanath Sastri, History of the Brahmo Samaj, Calcutta, 1974 Edition, pp. 64-8. 18. A.K. Bhattacharya, op.cit. 19. A.C. Bannerji, 'Brahmananda K.C. Sen' in Atui Chandra Gupta, (ed.). Studies in the Bengal Renaissance, Jadavpur, 1958, p. 81 and The New Dispensation, 11 June 1882. 20. P.S. Basu (ed.). Life and Works of Brahmananda Keshav, Calcutta, 1940, p. 32. 21. Ibid 22. Bimanbehari Majumdar, History of Indian Social and Political Ideas, Calcutta, 1967, p. 69. 23. Vasant K. Kshire, Lokhitawadi's Thought: A Critical Study, Poona, 1977, pp. 77-8. 24. Bimanbehari Majumdar, op.cit., p. 199. 25. Quoted by AU Ashraf, 'Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and the Tradition of Rationalism in Islam', Islam and the Modem Age, Vol. Ill, No. 3, August 1972. 26. K.A. Nizami, Sayyid Ahmad Khan, New Delhi, 1974, p. 122. 27. For a detailed examination of this phenomenon see K.N. Panikkar, Presidential Address, Modern Indian History section, Indian History Congress Proceedings, 1975. 28. Swami Vivekananda, The Complete Works, Calcutta, 1971, Vol. IV, p. 362. 29. Bimanbehari Majumdar, op.dt., p.151 30. P.S. Basu (ed.), op.dt., p. 147. 31. B.N. Motiwala, Karsondas Mulji, Bombay, 1935, pp. 78-86. 32. Satyarth Prakash, tr. by Durga Prasad, New Delhi, 1972 Edition, pp. 72-73. 33. The only notable exception was the Nabha Bidhan started by Keshub Chandra Sen who made the adesha he received from God to-be applicable to all. 34. J.C. Ghosh (ed), op.dt., pp. 278-80. 35. Bimanbehari Majumdar, op.dt., p. 74. 36. P.S. Basu (ed), op.dt., p. 277. 37. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Samya, in M.K. Haldar, Renaissance and Reaction in Nineteenth Century Bengal Calcutta, 1977, p. 166. 38. B.N. Ganguly, Concept of Equality: The Nineteenth Century Indian Debate, Simla, 1975, pp. 94-95. 39. Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, Samya, op.dt., p.163. 40. Ibid. 41. 'One who has inherited property from his father because of unjust law and by virtue of that adorns himself with titles like Maharaja of Maharaja (King of Kings) signifying un-restricted strength and power, even he should remember that the Bengal peasant Paran Mandal is his equal, and his brother. Birth is not subject to badness and goodness. He has no other fault. The property that he is enjoying alone, Paran Mandal also has a justifiable right to thatjbid., p. 166. 42. Jbid., p. 167 43. P.S. Basu (ed), op.dt., p. 277. 44. Vivekananda, op.dt.. Vol. II, pp. 362-63 and 460-69 and Vol. V, pp. 222-23. 45. Bimanbehari Majumdar, op.dt., p.67. 46. For a discussion of this process see K.N. Panikkar, 'The Intellectual History of Colonial India: .Some Historiographical and Conceptual Questions' in Sabyasachi Bhattacharya and Romila Thapar (ed). Situating Indian History, Delhi, 1986, pp. 403-33. 47. Brijendranth Seal, Rammohan Roy—The Universal Man, Calcutta, 1924, p. 14. 48. Sham Mohammad (ed). Writings and Speeches of Sayyid Ahmad Khan, Bombay, 1972, p. 60 49. Swami Vivekananda, op.dt.. Vol. IV, p. 180. 50. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, 'Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right', op.cit., p. 50. 51. Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Selected Works, Vol. I, Moscow, 1955, p. 363. Emphasis added. 52. Raymond Williams, Culture and Society, 1780-1950, Harmondsworth, 1979, p. 259.