32 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 53. Kari Marx, 'Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right', On Religion, Moscow, 1957, p. 50. 54. Richard R. Weiner, Cultural Marxism and Political Sociology, London, 1981, p. 18. 55. Leonardo Salamini, The Sociology of Political Praxis: An Introduction to Cramsci's Theory, London, 1981, p. 94. 56. Raymond Williams, The Long Revolution, Harmondsworth, 1984, p. 57. 57. For the distinction between 'emergent' and 'residual' culture see Raymond Williams, Problems in Materialism and Culture, London, 1980, pp. 40-42 58. Mahatma Gandhi, Selected Works, Vol. 21, Ahmedabad, 1966, p. 321. 59. Swami Dayanand Saraswati, Satyarth Prakash, English Translation by Durga Prasad, New Delhi, 1972 Edition, p. 83. 60. Dhananjay Keer, Mahatma Joti 'Rao Phooley, Bombay, 1974 Edition, pp. 90-143; Rosalind 0' Hanlon, Caste, Conflict and Ideology, Cambridge, 1935, pp. 122-28; and M.K. Sanoo, Narayana Guru, Bombay, 1978, pp. 144-46. 61. M.K. Sanoo, Narayana Guru Swami, (Malayalam), Irinjalakuda, 1976, p. 441 62. For a discussion of the middle class character of the SNDP Movement, see P. Chandra Mohan, 'Popular Culture and Sodo-Religious Reform: Narayana Guru and the Ezhavas of Travancore' in K.N. Panikkar (ed.). Studies in History, Special Issue on the Intellectual History of Colonial India, Jan-June 1987. 63. Amilcar Cabral, Unity and Struggle, London, 1980, pp. 142-43. 64. For an elaboration of the concept of 'cultural defence', refer K.N. Panikkar, 'Culture and Ideology: Contradictions in the Intellectual Transformation of Colonial Society in India', Economic and Political Weekly, 5 Dec. 1987. 65. Sambhandham is a form of marriage between the junior members of Nambudiri families who could not marry from their own caste and Nair women. The offsprings of these alliances had no right to the property of their fathers. 66. Cherukad, Jeevitapatha, Trivandrum, 1974, pp. 66-67. 67. Keshub Chander Sen in England, Calcutta, 1938, p. 90. Also see J.C. Ghose (ed.), The English Works of Ram Mohan Roy, Allahabad, 1905, pp. 446-47; T.V. Parvate, Mahadev Govind Ranade, Bombay, 1963, p. 226; and V. Ramakrishna, Social Reform in Andhra (1848-1919), New Delhi, 1983, pp. 79-80. 68. Bombay Gazette, 14 Sept. 1857. The Bombay Gazette reported that the Parsees of Bombay celebrated the 'fall of Delhi' with great jubilation. 'Long Live the Queen, Long Reign She in India were the expressions from every mouth', Bombay Gazette., 28 Sept. 1857. 69. For a discussion of this question see K.N. Panikkar, 'Roots of Cultural Backwardness', Mainstream, 7 Nov. 1981. 70. The Age of Consent Bill sought to fix the age of girls for the consummation of marriage at 12. For an account of the age of consent controversy see Charles Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu Nationalism, Prmceton, 1964, pp. 147-75. 71. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell Smith (ed). Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsic, New York, 1971, p. 333 72. Ibid., p.9 73. Leonardo Salamini, op.cit., p. Ill 74. Karl Marx, 'The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Nepolean' Selected Works, Vol. I, Moscow, 1955, p. 247.