PATENTS, BRAIN DRAIN AND HIGHER EDUCATION 17 tendencies of the developed countries—inherent not only in their attempts to unilaterally control the terms and conditions of technology transfers but even in moves that could stifle autonomous growth of knowledge and/or diffusion of information, e.g. through instruments like the proposed TRIPs system. In fact, this should also forestall the world patent system from further widening the 'drain* through which the Third World loses its 'brains'. NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. For the history and other analytical details of these negotiations involving both the developed—and the developing country interests^ see C. Raghavan, Recolonization : GATT, Uruguay Round and the Third World, Third World Network, Penang, 1990. 2. See H.W. Singer, Transfer of Technology—A One-way Street', Internationale Entwicklung, A. Mukherji, 'Formation and Efficient Utilization of skilled manpower and its Role in Technological Transformation', World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER)/UNU, mimeo, 1987. 3. For example, see S.J. Patd, Trade-Related Intellectual Property in Uruguay Round in GATT, Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1988; A.V. Desai, 'India and the Uruguay Round', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 23, Nos. 45-47, Special Number, 1988; N.N. Mehrotra, 'Patents Act and Technological Self-Reliance: The Indian Phramaceutical Industry', and C. Niranjan Rao, Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights: Questions of Patents' in Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 24, No. 19, 1989. See also two collections of seminar papers and proceedings published by the National Working Group on Patent Laws, New Delhi, viz. Conquest by Patents: On Patent Law and Policy, 1988 and Science/Technology and Patents, 1989; and Mainstream: Special Issue on Patent System, March 17, 1990; 'Document : New Delhi Declaration of Third-World Patent Convention,* Mainstream, Vol. 28, No. 23, March 31,1990. 4. See a report by B.M., 'Intellectual Property Rights: Government Buckles under U.S. Pressure', Economic and Political Weekly, VoL 24, No. 19, 1989. 5. The phrase 'Reverse Transfer of Technology' was initially used by UNCTAD; see UNCTAD, 'Reverse Transfer of Technology: Its Dimensions, Economic Effects and Policy Implications, TD/B/C.6/7, UNCTAD Secretariat, Geneva, 1977. 6. This has been discussed at length in fe. Khadria, 'Migration of Human Capital to the United States—India's Brain Drain (or Call A Rose by Any Other Name)', Working Paper Series No. SSS/1989/9, School of Sodal Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, 1989; also forthcoming in Economic and Political Weekly. 7. A.K. Sen, 'Labour and Technology' in J. Cody, H. Hughes and D. Wall, eds., Policies for Industrial Progress in Developing Countries, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980. 8. Ibid. 9. A survey of these policy recommendations is available in B. Khadria, Types of Brain Migrations: A Welfare Economic Classification with Implications for Brain Drain from LDCs, unpublished M. Phil. diss., Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1978. TO. For various details of such a tax proposal, see J.N. Bhagwati and M. Partington, eds.. Taxing the Brain Dram: A Proposal, North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1976. 11. B. Khadria, 'Brain Drain—The Missing Perspective : A Comment', Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 4, No.l, New Delhi, 1978. See also the reference cited in note 9 above. 12. A.K. Sen, op.cit. 13. Ibid. 14. See T. Majumdar et al, op.cit., and B. Khadria, 'Science, Technology and Human Capital' in T. Majumdar, ed.. Nature, Man and the Indian Economy, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, forthcoming. 15. The three demands listed here are as given in H.W. Singer, op.cit.