\ COMMUNAL VIOLENCE IN TWENTIETH CENTURY COLONIAL BENGAL 37 International History Review, Vol. VI, No. 2, May 1984; see also A.I. Singh, 'The Origins of the Partition of India, 1936-47, Oxford Univ, D.Phil, thesis, 1981. 51. The survivors of the Great Calcutta Killing, for example, still talk about their experiences in the same way the Second World War provides a framework for Europeans who lived through it. 52. Althusser would argue that ideological contradiction in the last resort is connected to class struggle, see his 'Ideology and Ideological State Apparatus (Notes towards an Investigation)' in Louis Althusser, Lenin and Philosophy and Other Essays, trans. Ben Brewater, London, 1970. 53. This concept is borrowed from A. Gramsd, see his Selections from the Prison Notebooks, trans. Hoare and Nowell Smith, New York, 1971. This concept has been used in S. Sarkar, 'Popular Movements', op. cit, and D. Arnold, 'Gramsd and Peasant Subalternity in India,' The Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. II, No. 4, July 1984.