THE IDEOLOGY OF FORM 83 The second phrase that needs a slight explanation is my use of 'Third World,' to? denote the non-West, especially those countries in Asia, Africa, and South America which along with their poverty and underdevelopment, share a history of colonialism. Many colleagues in India still dislike this phrase. Though it is impossible to divorce such usage from political and attituxdinal connotations, I want to use the term as descriptively as possible. See Leslie Wolf-Phillips' 'Why Third World'?: origin, definition and usage,' Third World Quarterly IX: 4 (Oct 1987), pp 1311-1319 for an overview. 2. Kirpal's listing is collated from various sources. One important source is Mukherjee's famous book. Twice Born Fiction (New Delhi: Arnold Heinemann, 1971). Mukherjee not only attempts a definition of the Indian English novel, but offers a thematic study of major novels. One of the chapters deals with the novelist's use of myth as an ordering device. Also of interest is the Chapter, 'East-West Encounter' (64-95). 3. See, for example, Dorothy Spenser's Indian Fiction in English: An Annotated Bibliography (Philadelphia: UP, 1960) and T. W. dark, ed. The Novel in India: Its Birth and Development (Berkeley: UCP, 1970). For a comprehensive survey of the Indian novel in various languages, see Section 6 in K M George, ed. Comparative Indian Literature, Vol 1 (Trichur: Kerala Sahitya Akademi and Macmillan, 1984). For the origins of the Indian English novel, see K S Ramamurthy, The Rise of the Indian Novel in English (New Delhi: Sterling, 1987). The norm against which the deviation of the Indian novel is measured is invariably the 'realism' of .the great Western novels. See Georg Lukacs' Studies in European Realism (London: 1962) and The Historical Novel (London: 1969); these two books develop most of his key ideas on realism. 4. For a selective introduction to this vast area see Sushobhan Sarkar, Bengal Renaissance and Other Essays (New Delhi: People's Publishing House, 1970); also see Joachim Deppert, ed. India and the West (New Delhi: Mahohar, 1983) and M N Srinivas et al. eds. Dimensions of Social Change in India (Bombay: Allied, 1977). The work of sociologists such as Milton Singer, Robert Redfield, and Yogendra Singh is also extremely helpful. See David Scott Philip, Receiving India Through the Works of Nirad C Choudhury, RK Narayan and Ved Mehta (New Delhi: Sterling, 1986) for a useful bibliography. 5. Frow's bibliography is a guide to this controversy. Williams' essay, which originally appeared in New Left Review in 1973 and was collected in Problems in Materialism and Culture (New York: Schocken, 1981), can also be found in Robert Con Davis and Ronald Schleifer, eds. Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies, 2nd Ed., (New York and London: Longman, 1989), pp 377-390, where I read it. For a lucid and useful overview of Marxist theories of literary production, see Terry Eagleton's Marxism and Literary Criticism (Berkeley: UCP, 1976). Chapter I, 'Literature and History,' and Chapter 2, 'Form and Content,' are particularly relevant to this discussion. For a major departure and advance in Marxist literary theory, see Frederic Jameson's The Political Unconscious: Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1981). I see Jameson as pushing forward Pierre Macherey's idea that it is in the silences of the text that its ideology is most clearly seen. I have found William C Dowling's Jameson, Althusser, Marx: An Introduction to the Political Unconscious' (London: Methuen, 1984) to be helpful in clarifying some of these concepts. 6. I have found Raymond Geuss's discussion of ideology in The Idea of a Critical Theory: Habermas and the Frankfurt School (Cambridge: UP, 1981) particularly useful. For the idea that the novel embodies a particular version of reality, see M. Bakh tin's Problem of Dostoievsky's Poetics (Manchester: UP, 1987). 7. Williams' discussion of Antonio Gramsci's ideas of hegemony helped me to formulate these views. See Con Davis and Schleifer op cit., 382-384. Said's remarks are from 'Reflections on American 'Left' Literary Criticism, from The World, the ' Text, and the Critic (London: Faber, 1983). This essay is also found in Con Davis and Schleifer, pp 580-594. For the 'dominant' and the 'residual' see Raymond Williams' Culture and Society (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 19^7). 8. Helen Tifflin in 'Post-Colonialism, Post-Modernism—Rehabilitation of Post-Colonial History,' Journal of Commonwealth Literature XXIII: 1 (1988), indicates different strategies for such resistance. According to her