48 SOCIAL SCIENTIST
Inter-caste relations are now increasingly marked by cleavages and conflicts in place of the traditional cooperation and a sense of togetherness of all the communities in the countryside. Thus caste ideology arising through a historical process is having its 'effect upon history* through a dialectical interaction and has become a material force, a formidable impediment to progress. Only when we realize its true character shall we be able to overcome it.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
The Brahdaranyaka Upanisad speaks of the gods belonging to the brahma,
kshatra, vaishya and shudra varnas, 1.4.11-15; R.E. Hume (trans.). Thirteen
Principal Upanisads, 2nd edn., OUP, 1969, pp. 84-85.
For details see Suvira Jaiswal, 'Stratification in Rigvedic Society: Evidence and
Paradigms', The Historical Review, Vol. XVI, 1990 (forthcoming).
C. Scott Littleton, The New Comparative Mythology: An Anthropological
Assessment of the Theories of Georges Dumezil, University of California Press,
Berkeley, 1973.
John Brough, 'The Tripartite Ideology of the Indo-Europeans: An Experiment in
Method', Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. XXII, 1959,
pp. 69-85.
5. Bruce Lincoln, Priests, Warriors and Cattle: A Study in the Ecology of Religions, University-of California Press, Berkeley, 1981.
6. Emile Benveniste, Indo-European language and Society, London, 1973.
7. D.D. Kosambi, Introduction to the Study of Indian History , Popular Prakashan, Bombay, pp. 94-95. ^
8. D.D. Kosambi, 'On the Origin of the Brahmin Gotras', Journal of the Bombay Branch of Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. XXVI, 1950, p. 50. See Kosambi, Introduction to the Study of Indian History, pp. 94-95.
9. We find this view highly speculative. For a detailed critique see the forthcoming article accepted for publication in The Indian Historical Review, Vol. XVI.
10. Suvira Jaiswal, 'Studies in Early Indian Sodal History: Trends and Possibilities', The Indian Historical Review, Vol VI, July 1979-January 1980, pp. 5-6; reprinted in R.S. Sharma (ed.). Survey of Research in Economic and Social History of India, Ajanta Publications, Delhi, 1986, pp. 43-44.
11. Homo Hierarchicus, Delhi, 1970.
12. K.K. Poldar, Sacrifice in the Rgveda, Bombay, 1953; Padma Misra, Evolution of the Brahman Class (in perspective Vedic Period), Banaras Hindu University Sanskrit Series, Vol XIII.
13. Aitareya Brahmana, VIII, 38.3.
14. 'Studies in Early Indian Sodal History', IHR, VI, pp. 12,21.
15. Ibid., p. 40-41; also see Vivekananda Jha, 'Candala and the Origin of Untouchability', IHR, XIII, 1986-87, p. 13 fn. 10.
16. IHR, VII, p. 39.
17. Epigraphic Indica, VIII, inscription no. 3, lines 2-3.