88 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 133. H.P. 18/10/1939. 134. National Front, 12 February, 1939. 135. Ibid, 25 December 1939. The Congress Ministry resigned on 4 November 1939. 136. H.P. 18/11/1939; 18/12/1939; Ace. No. 38,8 November 1939. 137. K. Gopalankutty, 'The Task of Transforming the Congress in Malabar, 1934- 40' in Studies in History July-December 1989 also identifies a similar movement developing in Malabar; p. 177. However, his method tends to dichotomise class struggle and the anti-imperialist struggle (see p. 193). This raises a serious theoretical and practical problem. Is it possible to dichotmise anti-imperialism and class struf^le, and concenrate on locating primary and secondary structures? Was not a struggle against a moneylender or a landlord also a struggle against the British? 138. This is also aoplicable for the princely states; for details see Biswamoy Pati, 'Peasants, Tribals and the National Movement in Orissa (1920-50)' Ph.D. thesis submitted to the University of Delhi, 1989 (unpublished) chap. 3. 139. One should also mention here the powerful upsurge launched by the Prajamandal in the princely states; for details, Pati thesis, op, dt., chap. 3. 140. This is especially visible in the creative productions of the 1930-40 decade—a phase which blurred categories such as the 'intellectual', the 'activist' and the 'creative writer'; for details see Biswamoy Pati, 'The High:Low Dialectic: Peasant in Oriya Literature' in the Economic and Political Weekly, 8 April, 1989. 141. For details, B. Pati, 'Peasants, Tribals and the National Movement in Orissa 1921-1936' in Kapil Kumar (ed.) Congress and Classes (New Delhi, 1988). 142. Women also figure in this phase as victims of terror and refugees from the oppressive princely states like Dhenkanal and Talcher; for details see Pati thesis, op. cit., chap. 3. 143. In fact, Orissa offers a sharp contrast to other parts, since the PCCs position was quite radical and the zamindars were on the opposite side of the fence during the election. One can cite here Lance Brennan, 'From One Raj to Another: Congress Politics in Rohilkhand, 1930-50' in D.A. Low (ed.) The Congress and the Raj (London, 1977). Thus, Brennan locates the Congress election campaign to be based on a moderate agrarian reform programme and mentions that apart from Moradabad, zamindars were selected as Congress candidates from each district of Rohilkhanc; p. 478-479. Similarly neighbouring Bihar offers a sharp contrast since the abolition of the zamindari system did not surface in the election manifesto of the Bihar PCC inspite of the strong sweep of the peasant movement; see, for example, Stephen Henningham, Peasant Movements in Colonial India: North Bihar 1917-1942 (Canberra, 1982) chap. 6. 144. One can also add that this feature is visible in the case of the Nilgiri state where the Communists had projected an alternative through sustained struggles in the Prajamandal movement; Pati thesis, op. cit., chap. 3 for details.