72 SOCIAL SCIENTIST the populations of these areas can be mobilized for communal causes. The herding together of people into dense and inhospitable spaces, creates social tensions which can erupt at a moment's notice. Squatter settlements have become centres of social tensions, instead of Utopias which can create community networks and self help organizations. The failure of the state to fix its working classes into direct relationship with capital and the state, or to tie an urban population to space, as a precondition of their regular participation in a disciplined wage labour force, has bred problems both for state policies, as well as for politics of social transformation. The problem with squatter settlements is not only that it reproduces the work force cheaply, but that it reproduces a work force that is dangerously anarchic and autonomous of any moderating influence of either mainstream politics, or of working class cultures. Resultantly, the spatial form of the city becomes a cauldron. The temperature in this cauldron is critical because social processes happen so near to each other, a crisis in one can lead to a crisis in the other. Indian cities continue to be the hotbeds of tension. Indian planners have created the wrong kind of city, and the wrong kind of urban culture. The celebrated poet Iqbal once wrote, men of vision build cities, the Indian city however testifies to the myopia of urban planners, and even more to the myopia of the social order. And in the meanwhile as control over the city continues, appropriated cities do not give way to regenerated, humane spaces, but brutalized and inhuman spaces. The appropriation of space breeds its own problems. NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. Michael Foucalt, Knowledge/Power (1980. Brighton, Harvester), p. 149. 2. Bertrand Russell, History of Western Philosophy (1961. London. Georg Alien and Unwin), p. 525. 3. Manuel Castclls an influential Marxist geographer, has made a sharp critique of these hegemonic traditions in geography. In The Urban Question: A Marxist Perspective (1977. London. Edwin Arnold), he argues that there has been a tendency among geographers, to think of space as either a natural and given entity which influences human action, or as something which is fashioned by thought. To Castells, nature and culture are linked together in a dialectical process of historical developments. David Harvey, another very influential Marxist geographer, has contributed enormously to understanding the spatial form as the outcome of dominant class practices, Harvey Social Justice and the City (1973. London Edward-Arnold); Limits to Capital (1982. Oxford Basil Blackwell); The Urbanization of Capital (1985. Baltimore. Johns Hopkins University Press); The Condition of Postmodernity (1989. Oxford Basil Blackwell). Also see Doreen Massey Spatial Divisions of Labour: Social Structures and the Geography of Production (1984. Basingstoke. Macmillan); Neil Smith Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space. (1984. Oxford. Basil Blackwell). These theoretical interventions have led in