COMMUNICATION 55 science has failed to instil its temper.' This failure is manifested in the irrational attitudes and values, the race for advantage and the endemic quarrels and intrigues. Foreign Collaboration As for S & T's material contribution, the picture is again bleak. Practically the entire industry in the country is based on foreign technology and hardware. Even such trivia as soft drinks, chewing gum and ladies" undergarments are often made with foreign collaboration. Our agriculture too—with its current emphasis on mechanization, fertilizer, pesticide, all at present ultimately dependent on aid and collaboration— has now come under foreign grip. Whatever the reason, our own technology rarely finds application anywhere. And the reason too, is not far to seek. Collaboration and foreign brand name, as shown by K K Subrahmanian of the Sardar Patel Institute of Economic and Social Research, enable an industry easily to mobilize resources, secure licence, and monopolize the market. And, as one former I C S Secretary (K K Dass) has recently disclosed, the entire administrative machinery works^ for aid and collaboration and against local initiative, for these bring great personal bounties to all concerned. What havoc foreign collaboration (plus aid and investment) has caused is now gradually becoming clear from a number of careful studies, especially by K K. Subrahmanian. It has been shown that collaboration has not only led to excessive drain of wealth from the country and inefficiency in our industry, it has also acted as a powerful barrier against local innovation and utilization of local technology and led to perpetual foreign dependence. This foreign dependence has resulted in a continuous and massive drain from the country paid for by increasing exports at a net loss. Increasing amounts of local resources have also had to be diverted to build the export infrastructure. Naturally, while a small upper section has gained greatly from this foreign-tied develpment process, the vast masses (particularly rural) continue to live in poverty, illiteracy and squalor and without hope. Several recent studies on poverty testify to this. » In culture too, the foreign and luxury-oriented development processes confined to tiny islands, with their built-in craze for profit and advantages all around, have led to a terrible moral degradation pervading the entire society. The corruption, bribery, fraud, adulteration and drive to get rich by any means, which are spelling the doom of our society are ultimately traceable to this distorted development. Self-Reliance Something has gone grievously wrong. Clearly, without a positive and deliberate policy for self-reliance, science alone or starting a laboratory alone remain infructuous and cannot make any contribution to national development, Science has to be backed by clear direction and political choice.