96 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 15. Subhash Chakravarty, The Raj Syndrome, Delhi, 1989. 16. It might be proper to mention here that the age-old 'safety-valve' theory about the formation of the INC as a part of the British conspiracy to dilute the momentum of public agitation has been discarded after the opening of Dufferin\s private papers. Attempts to create a national organisation had been going on for quite some time under nationalists convinced of the need for an organisation of all-India character to voice their demands. Hume's personal role seems to have been largely exaggerated in historiography. For a detailed discussion of the formation of the Indian National Congress, see S.R. Mehrotra, The Emergence of the Indian National Congress, Deini, 1971. 17. Sarkar, op cit., p. 67. 18. Ibid., p. 66. 19. Ibid., p. 67. 20. Rajat K. Ray, 'Differential Modernization in a Colonial Society', Indian Historical Review, July 1975. 21. J.R. Mclane, Indian Nationalism and the Early Congress, Princeton 1977. 22. Ibid. 23. Sarkar, op. cit., p. 69. 24. For details on North India see C.A. Bayly, op. cit., as well as C.A. Bayly, Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars - North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion 1770-1870, OUP 1983. 25. Sarkar, op. cit., p. 70. 26. See Sumit Sarkar's article 'n V.C. Joshi (ed.). Ram Mohan Roy and the Process of Modernization in India. 27. Veena Talwar Oldenburg, The Making of Colonial Lucknow, 1856-1877, Princeton, 1984 is an excellent discussion of the post-1857 changes in the policies regarding British town planning. 28. A.K. Bagchi, Private Investment in India 1900-1939, Cambridge 1992. 29. Sarkar, op. cit., p. 87. 30. Ibid., p. 87. 31. Mclane, op. cit. 32. Quoted in Hindi Sahitya ka Brihat ftihas, Kashi, 1957, p. 383. Translation mine. 33. Amiya Sen, 'Hindu Revivalism in Action - The Age of Consent Bill Agitation in Bengal', Indian Historical Review. 34. Asok Sen, Ishwarchandra Vidyasagar and his Elusive Milestones, Calcutta, 1977. 35. Sarkar, op. cit, p. 75. 36. For a brief discussion of revivalism, nationalism and so forth see C.H. Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform, Princeton, 1969. 37. R. Ahmad, The Bengal Muslims, 1871-1906: A Quest for Identity, Delhi 1981. 38. H.S. Oberoi, The Worship of Sakhi Pir Sarwar', Modem Asian Studies, 1987-88. 39. Sarkar, op. cit., p. 79. 40. G. Pandey, The Construction of Communalism in Colonial North India, Delhi, 1990, pp.164-200. 41. Sarkar, op. cit., p. 79. 42. Altaf H. Hali, Musaddas-e-Hali, (n.d.) p. 7. Translation mine. 43. AJ. Zaidi, A History of Urdu Literature, Sahitya Akademi, 1993. 44. Quoted in S.K. Das, A History of Indian Literature 1800-1900, Sahitya Akademi 1991, p.325. 45. The themes and ideas outlined above have been elaborated and exemplified thoroughly in Sudhir Chandra, The Oppressive Present: Literature and Social Consciousness in India. For a discussion on the same also see S. Chandra, Towards an Integrated Understanding of Early Indian Nationalism - Notes on the "Lake of Palms'" in A. Bhallaand S. Chandra (eds.), Indian Responses to Colonialism in the Nineteenth Century, Delhi, 1993, as also G. Pandey, op. cit. • 46. Tejwant S. Gill, 'Literary Culture in Nineteenth Century Punjab' in Bhalla and Chandra (eds.), op. cit. 47. For a broader understanding of caste movements during this period see Gail Omvedt, Cultural Protest in Colonial Society: The Non-Brahman Movement in Western India, 1873-1930, Bombay 1976; Rudolph and Rudolph, Modernity of Tradition, Chicago 1967. 48. A. Tripathi, The Extremist Challenge, Calcutta 1967. 49. Ibid.