ONE LANGUAGE, TWO SCRIPTS 115 double standards to understand the development of the two languages - Urdu and Hindi. They allow distortions of history to dominate their analyses and understanding. 4. E.J. Hobsbawm considers the theory of Karl Deutsch insignificant and inadequate. He observes that the formation of a nation is a complex phenomenon and cannot be limited to only the means of communication. See. E.J. Hobsbawn: Nation and Nationalism Since 1870: Programme, Myth and Reality, Cambridge University Press, 1993 (second edition), p. 3. 5. Rai thinks differently. He writes that a clear divide in the language of north India started developing one hundred years before the establishment of the College of Fort William. See Rai, op. cit, p. 285. Rai adopts the ways and means of a propogandist to show that Urdu as a language was divisive and parochial. The weaknesses in the theory are analysed by David Leiyveld, "Zaban-e-Urdu-e Mu'alla and Idol of Linguistic Origin", in The Annual of Urdu Studies, Number 9, 1994, edited by M.U. Memon from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. 6. King substantiates his arguments with facts and evidences. He does not create or support myths to arrive at tendentious conclusions. Here he is supported by several linguists, the greatest among them being John Beames, A Comparative Grammar of the Modem Aryan Languages of India, reprint 1966, pp. 31-34. 7. G.A. Grierson: Report of the Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. I, Part I, Calcutta, 1927, p. 4. 8. Robert N. Cust: A Sketch of the Modem Languages of the East Indes, London, 1878, p. 47. 9. Devnagari script was used for writing Sanskrit and therefore its use must have been restricted to a particular caste of the Hindus. See Grierson's report, op. cit.. Vol. I, Part I, Introduction. Also see Grierson report, op. cit.. Vol. VIII, Part I, and Cust, op. cit., p. 48. 10. This intention is clearly discernible in the writings of all those who sought to provide a well known tradition to "new" Hindi. See Dhirendra Verma: Hindi Bhasha ka Itihas, Hindustani Academy Allahabad, 1933. A recent exposition of this trend can be seen in Rai's book mentioned above. 11. The protagonists of 'new' Hindi wanted to locate the alleged traditions of this new language in the area which had been prominent in Indian history through the ages. This was the madhyadesa and the language-dialect spoken there was Khari Boli according to them. This idea is evident in the writings of Suniti Kumar Chatterji. Amrit Rai echoes this idea. Chatterji writes, "The bases of Hindu (i.e, mixed Austric-Mongoloid-Dravidian-Aryan) culture was laid in the tract known as the Madhya-desa (i.e., the Midland) early in the first millennium B.C., and this tract comprised the present East Punjab and Western U.P., and it formed the centre or heart of Aryandom as well. The speech of this area quite early became the vehicle of Hindu culture. Being the language of the Midland, it appears to have been more easily understood by Aryan speakers of the outlying tracts. In successive ages, this speech obtained a wide currency, both as a culture language and as a communication speech". Chatterji: Language.... op., cit., p. 119. 12. A.N. Ghatage: Historical Linguistics and Indo-Aryan Languages, University of Bombay, 1962, p.148. 13. Christopher R. King: One Language, two Scripts, Oxford University Press, Bombay, 1944, p.36. 14. S.R. Faruqi has discussed the attitudes of the nineteenth century Urdu theorists, mainly Hali, and Azad, in his numerous Urdu writings. Also see his paper "Constructing a Literary History, a Canon, and a Theory of Poetry: Ab-e Bayat (1880) by Muhammad Hasan Azad (1831 -1910)" forthcoming in the Social Scientist. 15. This spirit is evident in most ofthewritings of the supporters of "new" Hindi. See Sudhir Chandra: The Oppressive Present, Oxford University Press, Delhi, 1992, Chapter III, See also Chatterji: Language..., op. cit., prt35-lAl 16. See Grierson's Report, op. cit. Vol. I Part I. 17. Some of the writings produced by the teachers and scholars of the Allahabad University are: Dhirendra Verma, Hindi Bhasha ka Itihas, Hindustani Academy Allahabad, 1933; Babu Ram Saksena, Evolution ofAwadhi (A Branchy'Hindi), Allahabad, 1937; Shardadevi Vedalankar, The Development of Hindi Prose Literature-m the Early 19th Century, Allahabad, 1968.