72 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 21. Joseph V. Femia 'Gramsd, Antonio (1981-1937)' in Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper (eds), The Social Science Encyclopaedia, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London:, 1985, p. 341. 22. Partha Chatterjee Nationalist Thought and the Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse? Oxford University Press, Delhi, p. 29. 23. Shashi Joshi and Bhagwan Joshi, Struggle for Hegemony in India 1920-47— Culture, Community and Power, Vol. Ill: 1941-47, Sage, New Delhi, 1944, p. 354. 24. Antonio Gramsd, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, Lawrence and Wisnart, London, 1991 pp. 57-58. 25» For a dear eluddadon of these concepts, see Anne S. SassoonGramscrs Politics, London: EUis Horwood and Tavistock, London, 1987, pp. 83-100. 26. This is often called the 'ethico-political' apparatus [J. G. Merquior, Western Marxism, Paladin, London]. 27. This concept of consent goes beyond the notion of hegemony as false ideology or false consdousness, and of hegemony as consent given by attomised individuals with rights and liberties [Christine Bud-Glukmann 'Hegemony and Consent: A Political Strategy' in Anne S. Sassoon (ed.) Approaches to Gramsci, Writers and Readers Publishing Co-Op., London, 1994, pp. 11^-26]. 28. Antonio Gramsd, p. 181. 29. Ibid. 30. Antonio Gramsd, 1991, pp. 181-82. 31. Anne S. Sassoon, 1987, pp. 113-14. 32. Luciano PeUicani,Grflwsci: An Alternative Communism7 Hoover Institution Press, Stanford, 1981, p. 32. 33. Carl Boggs, 'Gramsci and Eurocommunism' in Norman Fischer et al. (eds.) Continuity and Change in Marxism, Humanities, New Jersey, 1982, p. 201. 34. For an extended discussion on the nature of the passive revolution in Italy, especially with regard to the 'Sothern Question', see John A. Da vis (eds.)Gramsci and Italy's Passive Revolution, Croom HelmLondon, 1979. 35. This implies that in such a situation there is lack of universal intersubjective consensus [Thomas Nemeth, Gramsci's Philosophy: A Critical Stufly, Harvester, Sussex, 1980, p. 142]. 36. Carl Boggs, The Two Revolutions: Gramsci and the Dilemmas of Western Marxism, South End, pp. Boston, 1984,178-88. 37. Antonio Gramsd, 1991, p. 9. 38. Antonio Gramsd, 1991, p. 12. 39. Thomas Nemeth, 1980, pp. 113-14. 40. John Hoffman, The Gramscian Challenge: Coercion and Consent in Marxist Political Theory, Badsil Blackwell, Oxford, 1984, pp. 51-75, and John Hoffman, The Problem of Coerdon and Consent in Marx and Gramsd' in Mark Cowling and Lawrence Wild (eds.) Approaches to Marx, Open University Press, Milton Keynes, 1989, pp. 164-66. 41. Ibid. 42. Chris Harman, Cramsci Versus Reformism. Sodalist Workers Party Publication, London, 1986, pp. 23-24. 43. John Hoffman, 1984, pp. 63-75. 44. See Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics, Verso, London, and Ernesto Laclau, Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism—Fascism—Populism, Verso, London, pp. 141-42 (espedally footnote 56). 45. Leszek Kolakowski, Main Currents of Marxism: The Breakdown, Vol. 3, Oxford University Press, New York, 1982,pp. 231-37. 46. Sudipta Kaviraj, 'On Political Explanation in Marxism' in Krishna Bharadwaj and Sudipta Kaviraj (eds.) Perspectives on Capitalism: Marx, Keynes, Schumpeter and Weber, Sage, New Delhi, 1989, pp. 132-74.