40 SOCIAL SCIENTIST danara denungu dfsiyunu dadbhavamun galayanga jeppedan. SihQsanadvStrirfiSika, 1.32. 16. KndQbhirQmamu, 37. My reading differs from the conventional reading by Telugu scholars, who fail to see the parodic tone of the verse. 17. Ketana, Andhra-bhSfa-bhUfanamu 14, cited in Arudra 1990, 2:158. 18. The regions where the eight languages are spoken are: Sanskrit in heaven, Prakrit in the Maharashtra region, Sauraseni in the Surasena region, Magadhi in Magadha, Paisaci [the demons' language] in the Pandya, Kekaya, Salva, Bahlika, Anupa, Gandhara, Nepala, Kuntala, Sudesna, Bhoja and Kannoja areas, Paisacika-Culika and Apabhramsa in the Abhira region, and Telugu in the Andhra area (AppakavJyamu, 1.81). 19. This is how, for instance, Srinatha describes the polyglot capabilities of his patron Areti Annaya, a minister of king Alladareddi: arabJ bhS{a turufka bh3fa gaja karnafQ'ndhra gSndhQra ghU-rjara bhfffal malayS^a bhQ$a SakabhQ^a sindhu sauvJra bar-barabhQfal karahSfabhQfa mariyun bhSfcrvi^efambul acceruvai vaccun arffi yannaniki gosthhamprayffgambulan. BhimeSvarapurQnamu 1.73. "Arabic, Turkish, the languages of Gaja, Kamata, Andhra, and Gandhara, Gujarati, Malayalam, the ^aka language, the barbarian languages of Sindhu and Sauvira, Konkani, and many others—Areti Anna can use them all in royal assemblies." Another verse also speaks of his beautiful calligraphy in Persian (pffrasi-bhfffQ) on paper (kQkitam). 20. murikinSfivffru morakulu penaparu I'aravavGru dvijulak' Qsapedda anucu de^abhQfalanu kulambunu dittun' atadu danduvaccu Sata phanamulu. Ketana, VijnSn^vanyamu 2.56 (thirteenth century), as quoted by Arudra 1990, 2:163. 21. Appakavtyamu pifhika^ 46-47. 22. All four benefits: dharma (religious merit), artha (wealth), kSma (desire), and mokfa (release). 23. Here Appakavi seems to be referring to the Tamil Vaisnava texts (the Divyaprabandham\. 24. kimcit-tikta-kafSya-fQdaba-rasa-kfepQtirekQtivQk- samcGrci-pracayQvakQSamulalS kavy-udgha gandSfmamul cancal-Ulan' udfftta-vQg-garimatQ sQdhinci vCdhincumG pancffrinci pravahlikS-krta-krtin pfffffna-pSka-prabhii This verse was composed by Jalasutram Rukminlnatha Sastri ("Jaruk" Sastri) in ironic praise of the great Visvanatha Satyanarayana, whom he regarded as his guru. The texture of rock (pQ^ana-pSka) is a parodic addition to the well-known three textures (pQka, literally "cooking to a certain consistency"): drak^a-paka, "the grape," as in a poem savored without effort; kadalJ-pQk^ "the banana," which requires peeling before tasting; and nSrikSla-pQka, "the coconut," where the thick fibrous exterior has to be removed and then the hard nut broken open.