MARXISM AND INDIA 55 Indian or a Russian or a Chinese or for that matter an Eskimo, Marxism. While the fundamental theory is the same the world over, its application, of course, varies from country to country. We do not regard Marx's theory as something completed or inviolable, on the contrary, we are convinced that it has only laid the foundation stone of the science which socialists must develop in all directions if they wish to keep pace with life. We think that an independent elaboration of (implanted-AR) Marx's theory is especially essential for Russian socialists,for they provide only general guiding principles which in particular are applied in England differently than in France, in France differently than in Germany and in Germany differently than in Russia.11 The variations in application are an essential part of the Marxist world view itself. For, according to the Marxist dialectics, "Every universal ©nly approximately embraces all the individual objects. Every individual enters incompletely the universal. . . "12 From a wrong theoretical base, Joshi arrives at wrong analytical and operational conclusions. He holds that i) India is at present in a stage of national development and transition to socialism (via garibi hatao perhaps); ii) in the present stage, a bloc of broadest masses and productive classes should confront the ruling bloc of "financial aristocracy", the lumpen middle class and the lumpen proletariat; and, iii) in the process Gandhism and Marxism would, if not exactly form a synthesis, at least come very close together. Thus P G Joshi has created a complete system of view, carting with theoretical postulates and ending with operational directives, which one finds to be totally divergent from Marxism. No Marxist can agree withjoshi's analysis and directives. Clearing the Way India is passing, not through a stage of 'national development9 and 'transition to socialism', but an acute crisis resulting from a specific form of distorted capitalist evolution. The real Struggle is not against some hypothetical financial aristocracy, lumpen middle class and lumpen proletariat, but against an alliance of monopoly capitalists and large landholders, who are not exactly 'unproductive' in Joshi's sense. And finally, while certain surface features of Gandhism may be worthy of assimilation by the revolutionary movement, the antagonism between the proletarian ideology of Marxism and the backward bourgeois ideology of Gandhism is fundamental. Before concluding, one should add that Joshi's paper highlights certain fundamental tasks of the Marxist movement in general and the Indian Marxists in particular, such as: i) realization of the dialectical inter-relation between correct