MARXISM AND POWER 21 3. A word of caution: This is not to imply that Marx, Engels or Lenin already "foresaw" history and the questions that it would pose anew. All that is meant here is that despite their theoretical positions, addressing the phenomenon of power, they unavoidably make observations that become meaningful only now. 4. Louis Althusser and E. Balibar, Reading Capital, Verso, London. 1979, p. 30. 5. lbid.,p. 24. 6. Ibid., p. 24. 7. For a more detailed discussion, see Aditya Nigam, "Political Power and Marxist Theory", M.Phil, dissertation submitted to the Centre for Political Studies, JNU, 1993. 8. H. Arendt, On Violence. Alien Lane the Penguin Press, Great Britain, p. 52. 9. H. Arendt, "What is Freedom?" in Between Past and Future. Faber and Faber, London. I960, p. 146. 10. Anthony Giddens, Central Problems in Social Theory, Macmillan Press, London and Basingstoke, 1979, p. 88. 11. A. Giddens, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, Macmillan Press, London and Basingstoke, 1981, p. 51. 12. Talcott Parsons, Politics and Social Structure, The Free Press, New York and Collier-Macmillan, London. 1969, pp. 361-66. 13. M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, ed. Colin Gordon, Pantheon Books. New York, 1980. pp. 118-119. 14. M. Foucault in "The subject and Power", in Hubert L. Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, The Harveter Press, 1982. He says here, for instance, that "the exercise of power... is a way in which certain actions modify others...power exists only when it is put into action", (p. 219) 15. To say that it is necessarily generated in human action is a particularly strong statement and it is not possible to argue it out here fully. For a more detailed discussion, see Aditya Nigam, op. cit. 16. A.n elaboration of this idea can be found in most marxist texts. We need only note here that the notion of "development of productive forces" is not simply an economic one as has been rendered in endlessly confounding debates. The introduction of the steam engine, for example, presupposes a certain level of development of science and ideas. 17. Marx-Engels Collected Works (MECW, hereafter), vol.6. Progress Publishers, Moscow, p. 505. 18. K. Marx, Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, in Marx—Engels Selected Works (hereafter, MESW), in one volume. Lawrence and Wishart, London and Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1980, p. 63. 19. Ibid., p. 131. 20. lbid.,r>. 176. 23. Engels, The Housing Question, [emphasis added]. Quoted in Hal Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Vol. I, Book II. Monthly Review Press. 1977. p. 414. 24. F. Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State, MESW. 1980, pp. 577-78. 25. Op. cit. p. 414. 26. MESW, P. 578. 27. V.I. Lenin, The State and Revolution, Collected Works. Vol. 25. Progress Publishers, Moscow. 1980, p. 391. 28. Ibid., p. 392. 29. Ibid., p. 393. [emphasis added] 30. MESW, p. 577. 31. Ibid., p. 58. 32. Ibid., [emphasis added]. 33. Ibid., p. 617. [emphasis added]. 34. Ibid., p. 686. [emphasis added] 35. For a thorough discussion of Oriental Despotism and Russian Czarism, where the state played the key role, see Hal Draper, Karl Marx's Theory of Revolution, Vol.1, Monthly Review Press. New York and London, 1977. The correctnes or