EMERGENCY ASSESSMENTS 67 37. Sudipta Kaviraj, "A Critique of the Passive Revolution/' Economic and Political Weekly, November 1988. 38. An excellent example of the use of the contradictions of reform is by Amitabh Bachchan's character in Laawaris (1981), who criticizes the rich who steal at night and dole out stolen goods as 'charity' and as 'reform' in the day in order to alleviate their guilt and to receive the goodwill of poor, from whom they have stolen in the first place. 39. The title is from Amrit Nahata's 1977 film whose first print was reported destroyed by Sanjay Gandhi's men because it criticized the regime. Utpal Dutt plays a politician who address his speeches to Shabana Azmi, whose name is Janata (People). In the movie, the politician rapes Janata. 40. Karl Marx, The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (New York: International Publishers, 1975), 67. 41. An Era of Discipline, 338. 42. Antonio Gramsd, "Why the Bourgeoisie Can No Longer Govern the Country," Pro-Prison Writings, 216. 43. Era of Discipline, 22. 44. CPM, Political Resolution, 9th Congress, Madurai (June 27-July 2,1972), 39. 45. Ranadive, On Trade Union, 272-273. 46. M. K. Gandhi, Hind Swaraj (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1989), 29. 47. Shiva Naipaul, "The Sanjay Factor," Beyond the Dragon's Mouth (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1984), 289. 48. I urge the reader to turn to V. Ramakrishnan and P. Swami's comments in "Catch them young. Lumpenization of Youth Congress," frontline (11 August 1995) for a short history of the centrality of violence to the functioning of the YC. The events surrounding the death of Naina Sahni reveal the immanence of violence to the everyday political life of the Congress. 49. Vinod Mehra, The Sanjay Story (Bombay, 1978), 88. 50. For a convincing assessment of poverty and the need for large families from the standpoint of individual families, see Mahmood Mamdani, The Myth of Population Control (New York: Monthly Review, 1972). 51. I am currently putting together a study of "slum clearance' in Delhi from 1947 to 1977. 52. One needs to keep in mind the well-publicized Muzaffarnagar massacre in October 1976 when about 40 people, mostly Muslims, were killed in a sterilization drive. l^ew York Times (28 October 1976). 53. Klara Zetkin, "The Struggle Against Fascism," MFF, 109-110. 54. CPM, Political Resolution (10th Congress at Jalandhar), 16-17. ^ 55. Telegraph (19 May 1990). 56. Veena Das, "The Mythological Film and its Framework of Meaning: an analysis of Jai Santoshi Ma/' India International Centre Quarterly, vol. 8, no. 1, March 1980. 57. Telegraph (18 May 1990). 58. Antonio Gramsci, "The Italian Crisis" (1924), Selections from Political Writings, 260. 59. Telegraph (18 May 1990). 60. Vijay Prashad, "Till Debt Do Us Part: the attack on 'socialism' in India," Pravada (March-April 1992). 61. For instance, India Today (3 October 1992).