60 SOCIAL SCIENTIST 101. See H.F. Owen, 'Organizing the Rowlatt Satygraha of 1919' in Ravinder Kumar, Essays on Gandhian Politics, pp. 64-92. 102. Ravinder Ktunar's Introduction, in Essays on Gandhian Politics, p. 4. 103. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, p 181; also see Shahid Amm, Gandhi as Mahatma', in Ranjit Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies, Vol. Ill (Delhi, 1984), pp. 1-59. 104. V.N. Datta, Jallianwala Bagh, p. 34. 105. New Light on Punjab Disturbances, Vol. 1, p. 36; The Tribune; 12 March, 1919. 106. The Tribune, 12 March 1919. 107. Hew Light on Punjab Disturbances, Vol. I, p. 36. 108. Government Communique in Civil and Military Gazette, 8 Ap&l, 1919. 109. See the speeches made by the leaders of Punjab at the protest meetings held in Lahore and Amritsar. The Tribune, 7 and 8 March 1919. 110. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, p. 187. flllj Statement of Miles Irwing, Disorder Inquiry Committee, Vol. Ill, p; Civil & Military Gazette, 17 April, 1919; V.N. Datta, Jallianwala Bagh, pp. 42-^3. 112. Ranjit Guha, Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India (New Delhi, 1983), pp. 256-261. 113. J. Prasad* 'The Psychology of Rumour' cited in Ibid. 114. Disorder Inquiry Committee Report, p. 29. 115. Regarding this violence, the Hunter Committee (Minority Report) recorded "... although the'excesses were altogether in inexcusable and without justification, the mob had not any previous fixed intention of committing excesses, but after the firing lost their heads and were seized by a mob frenzy" Ibid., p. XIX. 1Mb. New Light on Punjab Disturbances, Vol. I, p. 275. 117. Ranjit Guh*'s Introduction, Subaltern Studies, Vol. I (Delhi, 1982), p. 3. 118. George Rude, op. cit., p. 9. 119. Ibid., p. 6. 120. Home Political 1919, Deposit, October, No. 28, (NAI). 121. Ibid. 122. J.P. Thompson, Chief Secretary, accepted this point later. See his evidence before the Disonder Inquiry Conamittec, New Light on Punjab Disturbances, Vol. 1, p. 49. 123. Disorder inquiry Committee, Evidence, Vol. Ill, p. 7. 124. Ibid., p. 6. 125- Home Political 1919 Deposit, October, No. 28 (NAI). 126. V.N. Datta, Jallianwala Bagh, p. 96. 127. It is difficult to agree with the contention that the massacre at Jallianwala Bagh was a conspiracy hatched by the local administration in connivance with Hans Raj who, it is claimed, cleverly arranged this meeting so that Dyer could punish the people for their Rebellious* attitude. As our study clearly shows majority of the people had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh out of their strong feeling of protest against the recent incidents of repression. A large crowd of about 20,000 persons could not have been arranged only by the machinations of a conspirator, howsoever ingeniously active he might have been at that time. As Lord Granwille in a different context of the popular disturbances of 1736 rightly said in the House of Lords in February 1737: The people seldom or never assemble in any riotous or turn ul to us manner, unless they are oppressed or at least imagine they are oppressed*. Quoted in George Rude, The Crowd in History, p. 7. 128. Report and Evidence of the Sub-Committee of Indian National Congress, p. 70, cited in Ibid. 129. Home Political B-January 1920, 513, NAI. 130. Derak Sayar, op. cit., pp. 130-164. 131. M.K. Gandhi, An Autobiography or The Study of My Experiments with Truth (Ahmedabad, 1927), p. 349.