2 SOCIAL SCIENTIST
190. This is clearly borne out by the excavations at Atranjikhera, see R.C. Gaur, op.cit., p.243ff.
191. For details, see Sunil Kumar Singh, The Kali Age: A Study in the Transition from Ancient to Medieval in Indian History, unpublished ph.D. thesis, Patna University, Patna, 1988,p.95ff.
192. D.P. Chattopadhyaya, Science and Society in Ancient India, Calcutta, 1977, p. 33ff.
193. Op.cit., pp.386-387.
194. Brhatsamhita, V.58; VHI.4,47; SLVI.40,71; LXXXVII.44.
195. Ibid., VIII.6,14,15,32; XXIV.33; SLVII.5; LX.4; LXXIX.21; LXXXV.6.
196. Ibid., CIII.2,8,11.
197. Ibid.,CIII.l,7.
198. Ibid., GUI .2,3,5,11 (2 references), 12,13.
199. Ibid., CIII.1,5.
200. R.S. Sharma, op.cit., p.153.
201. V.K. Thakur, 'Economic Changes in Early Medieval India (c.A.D.600-1200)', in Lallanji Gopal (ed.), D.D. 'Kosambi Commemoration Volume, Varanasi, 1977, p.192.
202. V.K. Thakur, 'The Peasant in Early India : Problems of Identification and Differentiation', in V.K. Thakur and A. Aounshuman (ed.), Peasants in Indian History I : Theoretical Issues and Structural Enquiries, Patna, 1996, pp. 140-141.
203. M Lal, 'Population Distribution and its Movement during the Second and First Millennia BC in the Indo-Gangetic Divide and Upper Ganga Plain', paper presented to the seminar on 'Ecological History of India', Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 1988, pp.128-123.
204. Brhatsamhita, V.52; VHI.10,15.
205. Ibid., IV.20; VIII.5,8; XVII.4,25; XXXIV.14; XL.14.
206. Ibid., 111.16, IV.l. 19,21 29; V.88; VII.3,7,18; IX.17; X.2; XIX.19; XXVI 1.4; XXXIV V.I5.
207. Ibid., 111.31; V.23.
208. Ibid., SLV1.45; LXXXVI 1.36.
209. This expansion was in effect the spread on the elements of the material culture of the mid-Ganga valley in the outlying areas inaugurating a new pattern of resources mobilisation in these erstwhile peripheral zones.
210. Brhatsamhita, XLI.2 (herbs), 4 (skins of lions), 6 (roots), etc.
211. V.K. Thakur, Social Dimensions of Technology: Iron in Early India, c. 1300-200 B.C., Patna, 1994, pp.36-41.
212. VII.16; VIII.10; XVII.16; XXXIX.2; LXXXVII.45;
213. Brhatsamhita, IV.9; V.29,34; XXXI.4; XXXHI.21; XXXI V.12; LXXXIX.4.
214. Ibid., VIII.52;XIX.ll.
215. G. Erdosy, Urbanisation in Early Historic India, Oxford, 1988,p.l06.
216. Harbans Mukhia, 'Agricultural Technology in Medieval India', in Aniruddha Ray and S.K.Bagchi (ed.), Technology in Ancient and Medieval India, Delhi, 1986,pp.107-108.
217. Brhatsamhita, LV.
218. Karl Marx, op.cit., Vol.I,p.27Q.
219. Ibid., p. 311.
220. Brhatsamhita. X.20.
221. Ibid., XXXII.22; XXXIII.ll; XXXVIII.3; XLVI.23; LXXXIX.3.
222. For a detailed analysis of the dynamics of state formation in the peripheral regions, see Surajit K.Saha, 'Early State Formation in Tribal Areas of East Central India', Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XXXI,no.l3; pp.824-834.
223. R.S. Sharma, Social Changes in Early Medieval India (c. A.D. 500-1200) Delhi, 1969, pp.13-18.