50 SOCIAL SCIENTIST
40. Atrismriti, verse 196; Angirassmritiy verse 3; and Yamasmriti, verse 33.
41. Panim's reference to shudranamaniravasitanam (II.4.10), unsegregated or not excluded shudras, implying the existence of the category of segregated shudras or untouchables, is definitive in this regard; cf. R.S. Sharma, Sudras in Ancient India, 3rd edn. (Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1990), p. 324.
42.. shudra sadharmano va, anyantra chandalebhyah, Arthashastra, III.7.37.
43. X.4.
44. 47.18.
45. 1.4.12.
46. 66.10.
47. K.S. Singh, "Manu and Contemporary Indian Ethnography" in D.N. ]\\si^d.y Society and Ideology in India: Essays in Honour of Professor R.S. Sharma (Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1996), p. 433.
48. Edward C. Sachau, ed. and tr., Alberuni's India, Vol. I (London, 1910), p. 101.
49. VivekanandJha,aStagesintheHistoryofUntouchablesw,rHR,Vol.II,No. 1 (July 1975), pp. 28-31. The position has been discussed in detail in my unpublished Ph.D. thesis "Early History of Untouchables in India", Patna University, 1972.
50. R.S. Sharma, Social Changes in Early Medieval India (circa AD 500-1200), The First Devraj Chanana Memorial Lecture, 1969 (People's Publishing House, New Delhi, 1969), pp. 6-9; idem, Indian Feudalism, c. AD 300-1200,2nd edn. (Macmillan, Madras, 1980), pp. 43-48, 53-55,187-90,220-22; idem, Urban Decay in India (c. 300-c. 1000) (Munshiram Manoharlal, New Delhi, 1987), pp. 135-36,154-55,158,165-67,177,182,184; B.N.S. Yadava, Society and Culture in Northern India in the Twelfth Century (Central Book Depot, Allahabad, 1973), pp. 141, 147, 163-72, 267-75; idem, "Immobility and Subjection of Indian Peasantry in Early Medieval Complex", IHR, Vol. I, No. 1 (March 1974), pp. 18,20,22-24; idem, "The Accounts of the Kali Age and the Social Transition from Antiquity to the Middle Ages", /HR, Vol. V, Nos. 1-2 (July 1978 and January 1979), pp. 31,46,50,54,61.
51. VI. 28-29, 36,44-45; X.8,20; XI.2-3.
52. uCaste in Indian History" in Essays in Indian History: Towards A Marxist Perception (Tulika, New Delhi, 1995), pp. 166,171-72; idem, "Theories of Social Change in South Asia", The Journal of Social Studies, No. 33 (Centre of Social Studies, University of Dhaka, April 1966), pp. 38-39.
53. B.N.S. Yadava finds their vision and approach 'revolutionary', "Problem of Interaction between Socio-Economic Classes in the Early Medieval Complex", JHR, Vol. Hi, No. 1 (July 1976), pp. 57-58.
54. IV. 13; XVIII. 41-44.
55. vidyavinayasampanne brahmane gavi hastini
shunt chaiva shvapake cha panditah samadarshinahy V.I8.
(Panditas or men of knowledge look upon a learned and polite brahmana, a cow, an
elephant, a dog and a Shvapaka as alike).
cf. Vivekanand Jha, "Social Content of the Bhagavadgita", JHR, Vol. XI, Nos. 1-2 (July
1984 and January 1985), pp. 22-29; B.N.S. Yadava, "Social Content of the Bhagavadgita:
A Note", JHR, Vol. XVIII, Nos. 1-2 (July 1991 and January 1992), pp. 200-1.
56. B.R. Ambedkar's singular contribution in this regard is a matter of record and duly acknowledged.